<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="">Dorothea Hoffmann</div><div class="">Website: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://dorotheahoffmannblog.wordpress.com" class="">http://dorotheahoffmannblog.wordpress.com</a></div><div class="">Blog: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://hoffmanndorothea.wordpress.com" class="">http://hoffmanndorothea.wordpress.com</a></div><div class="">Email: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a></div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Mar 15, 2016, at 11:52 AM, Dorothea Hoffmann <<a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear all, <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I’ve had great responses from many of you regarding my inquiry about directional systems in Australian languages and was able to considerably expand my list of languages and references. Thank you very much everyone who got in touch with me!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I attach a summary of the current state of the research with tables indicating what absolute frames languages employ and a detailed list of references. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Here is a short summary: </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">the list includes a total of 48 languages: 27 Pama-Nyungan and 21 non-Pama-Nyungan</li><li class="">21 languages have a <b class=""><i class="">sun/compass-based system</i></b>: 16 are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Kayardild and Wik Mugkan) and 5 are non-Pama-Nyungan, e.g. Warrwa and Iwaidja</li><li class="">5 have a <i class=""><b class="">r</b></i><b class=""><i class="">iver-drainage-based system</i></b>: all of these are non-Pama-Nyungan and include, e.g. Jaminjung and Wagiman</li><li class="">12 have a <b class=""><i class="">river-drainage- and sun/compass-based system</i></b>: five are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Yir Yoront and Gurindji), six are non-Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Gooniyandi and Dalabon) and one are certain varieties of Kriol </li><li class="">nine have <b class=""><i class="">wind-based systems</i></b>: five are Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Djinang and Lardil) and four are non-Pama-Nyungan (e.g. Matngele and Iwaidja)</li><li class="">three languages have an <b class=""><i class="">ocean-based system</i></b> (all in addition to wind-based systems): Pama-Nyungan Kala Lagaw Ya , and non-Pama-Nyungan Maung and Iwaidja </li><li class="">Bardi has a <b class=""><i class="">tide-based system</i></b> which changes every six hours in addition to a compass/sun-based system</li><li class="">and only Murrinhpatha appears to have <b class=""><i class="">no absolute system</i></b></li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Please feel free to comment and add to the list and references!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">All the best,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dorothea</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""></div></div><span id="cid:A3F0F3CB-D4BD-4ABD-99A9-029636C92BBD"><typ_aus_FoR.pdf></span><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class="">
<div class="">Dorothea Hoffmann</div><div class="">Website: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a href="http://dorotheahoffmannblog.wordpress.com/" class="">http://dorotheahoffmannblog.wordpress.com</a></div><div class="">Blog: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a href="http://hoffmanndorothea.wordpress.com/" class="">http://hoffmanndorothea.wordpress.com</a></div><div class="">Email: <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<br class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Mar 3, 2016, at 4:07 PM, Dorothea Hoffmann <<a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">*** apologies for cross-posting***<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dear all<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I am currently working on a spatial Frames of Reference paper on Australian languages and was wondering if some of you might be able to help me with a few questions about the use of compass- and/or landmark-based directionals in Australian languages. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This is the (very general) information I have:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The majority of Australian languages seem to have a <b class="">compass-based system</b> (usually a 2 or 4-way grid (of east-west-north-south)):</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Guugu Yimithirr (Havilland 1993, Levinson 2003)</li><li class="">Warlpiri (Laughren 1978)</li><li class="">Kayardild (Evans 1995)</li><li class="">Bardi (Bowern 2012)</li><li class="">Arrerrnte (Wilkins, 2006)</li><li class="">Garrwa (Mushin 2013)</li><li class="">Warrwa (McGregor 2006) </li><li class="">Djarru/Jaru (Tsunoda 1995)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Only a few seem to solely rely on a r<b class="">iver-based (drainage) system</b> (upstream/upriver/downstream/downriver):</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Jaminjung/Ngaliwurru (Schultze-Berndt 2006)</li><li class="">Ngan’gityemerri (Reid 2011)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Again, quite a number of languages employ a <b class="">combination of a compass- and river-based system</b>:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990)</li><li class="">Bunuba (Ramsey 2000)</li><li class="">Ngandi (Heath 1978)</li><li class="">Pilbara languages (including Martuthunira, Panyjima, Yindjibarndi) (Densch 1995)</li><li class="">Yir Yoront (Alpher 1991)</li><li class="">Ngarinyman(Jones 1994)</li><li class="">Gurindji (Meakins 2011)</li><li class="">Bilinarra (Meakins and Nordlinger 2014)</li><li class="">Wardaman (Merlan 1994)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Only few have a <b class="">wind-based system</b>:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">MalakMalak (Hoffmann)</li><li class="">Matngele? (Hoffmann)</li><li class="">Kala Lagaw Ya (Stirling 2011)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">And some do <b class="">not</b> employ any absolute terms:</div><div class=""><ul class="MailOutline"><li class="">Murrinh-Paths (Gaby and Singer 2014)</li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">Do you know what systems other Australian languages are employ and do you have any references for those? Do you know of any cross-linguistics (including a world-wide sample of languages) overviews of absolute systems across languages? I have only been able to find Brown, Cecil (1983) “Where do Cardinal Direction Terms come from?” <i class="">Anthropological Linguistics</i>, 25(2), 121-161</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div>Thank you so much in advance for your help!<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best regards, </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dorothea<br class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class=""><br class=""><div class="">
<div class="">Dorothea Hoffmann</div><div class=""><a href="mailto:hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com" class="">hoffmann.dorothea@gmail.com</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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