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Luigi,<br>
<br>
Unlike many of my typologist colleagues who seek refuge from the
muddy waters of formal criteria in the supposed clarity of
semantics, I find semantic criteria to often be just as
problematical, if not more so, than their formal counterparts.<br>
<br>
For the purposes of my WALS map, I did not use headedness as a
defining criteria, and I would not wish to take a stand on the
headedness in the examples that you discuss. By "adjective" I meant
property-denoting word one of whose typical functions is as an
attribute of a noun, and by "noun" I meant thing-denoting word. The
map shows the morphosyntactic strategies that a language uses to
allow an adjective to occur in a noun slot — typically, but not
criterially, heading a phrase that occurs in an argument position.
This definition is met, among others, by the <i>one</i> in English
<i>beautiful one</i>, the <i>de</i> in Mandarin <i>hong de</i>,
and also by the lack of (dedicated adjective-to-noun conversion)
marking in the Italian <i>il bello</i>.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
<br>
David<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/06/2016 23:01, Luigi Talamo
wrote:<br>
</div>
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<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Dear all,</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">thanks a lot for
your all answers, I really appreciate that.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I have found your
data very interesting, many comments will follow :-)</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I begin below
with David's answer.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><br>
</div>
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<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><font face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif"> One of the two kinds of
nominalization mentioned in the query ('beautiful'
> 'beautiful one') is the subject of my WALS map
#61 "Adjectives without Nouns".<br>
<br>
David</font></div>
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<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Thanks David,
I have read your WALS map at the beginning of my work;
maybe you remember that we have exchanged a couple of
e-mails some time ago. As you mention in the WALS
article, the most important issue here is whether
adjectives are syntactic heads in constructions such as
'the white one', which translates in Italian as 'quello
bianco'. As you probably noticed, I did not consider
these constructions in my study, as they appear to me to
be more 'predicative' than 'referential', at least in
Italian; moreover, the syntactic head of the Italian
construction is most likely the deictic quello 'this'.
But what about the Mandarin example that is reported in
your map, Wǒ yào hóng de. ? Is </font><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">hóng a
property concept with referential function ?</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Luigi</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</span></div>
<div><br>
</div>
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<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">On
09/06/2016 21:14, Luigi Talamo wrote:<br>
</font></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
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<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Dear
all,</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I
am conducting a research on the lexical
nominalisation of property concepts in
contemporary Italian. My study involves two
types of nominalisation strategy, affixation
such as bello `beautiful' -> bell-ezza
`beauty (abstract concept)' and zero-marking
('conversion'), such as bello (adj) ->
`(il) bello' -> `the beautiful person',
`beauty (abstract concept)' and `what is
beautiful about something'. </font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Drawing
mostly from 'Leipzig Questionnaire On
Nominalisation and mixed Categories'
(Malchukov et alii (2008)) and studies on
adjectival and mixed categories, I have
elaborated a series of morpho-syntactic and
semantic parameters, which I have employed
to study de-adjectival nominalizations in
actual, corpus-based contexts.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I
would like to insert in my study some
cross-linguistic notes on the phenomenon,
which I hope to further study from a
typological perspective. I will be glad if
you can provide me some examples from your
languages of expertise. I have found some
examples of de-adjectival nominalizations
here and there in grammars, but I was not
able to exactly figure out which are the
parameters involved; moreover, some recent
works (among others, Roy (2010), Alexiadou
et alii (2010), Alexiadou & Iordachioaia
(2014)) give interesting insights on
de-adjectival nominalization, but examples
are limited to European languages.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I
am particularly interested in non-European
languages showing a distinct class of
adjectives; morpho-syntatic parameters
include case, number, gender, definiteness
and specificity, degree, external argument
structure and, possibly, verbal parameters,
which are however not very significant for
Italian de-adjectival nominalisation;
semantic parameters include referent
animacy, the distinction between the
nominalisation of the adjectival 'argument'
vs. the nominalisation of the adjective
itself e.g., softie `a thing which is soft'
vs. softness and the semantic type of
property concepts e.g., PHYSICAL PROPERTY or
HUMAN PROPENSITY.<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">So,
possible questions are as following:</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">1.
Can property concepts be turned into nouns?</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">2.
Which strategies are employed for this
purpose?</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">3.
Which parameters do de-adjectival nouns
display?</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">4.
Are there any missing values for a given
parameter? For instance, de-adjectival nouns
can be only singular or definite or
restricted to the subject position.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">5.
Are de-adjectival nouns found in both
semantic types of nominalization? For
instance, I have observed that European
languages focus on the nominalisation of the
adjective itself, while argument
nominalizations are scarcely attested,
limited to certain language varieties and
not stable in the lexicon.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">(needless
to say, questions 2 to 4 can have multiple
answers, helping to describe different
patterns of property nominalisation)<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Thanks
in advance for your help, all the best.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Luigi</font></div>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br
clear="all">
</font>
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</font></div>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> -- <br>
</font>
<div data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><font
face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">PhD
Program in Linguistics ('Scienze
Linguistiche')<br>
University of Bergamo and University of
Pavia - Italy</font></div>
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Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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<div data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><font face="arial,
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
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