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Hi Luigi,
<div class="">I don’t think the answers are simple in the sense that language A does this and language B does that. Lots of things are possible in each language, and different adjectives or verbs might be treated differently. (For example, we can say in English <i class="">That
is my drink, </i>but we don’t say <i class="">That is my eat</i>—nothing structural about that.) Markedness is for me not a structural notion in this case but just frequency (of course not having a marker is structurally less marked than having one). In Chinese
there is also the option to use the head noun <i class="">sè </i>‘color’ when one wants to refer to the color itself, but as I showed in my earlier msg to David that isn’t always necessary.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">In Rawang, unlike in many other Sino-Tibetan languages, there is more of a distinction between noun and verb/adjective, and there are many ways that verbs/adjectives can be nominalized (see <span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">LaPolla,
Randy J. 2008. </span><span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Nominalization in Rawang. <i class="">Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i> 31.2:45-66.</span><span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span lang="EN-AU" class="" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2008_Nominalization_in_Rawang.pdf" class="">http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2008_Nominalization_in_Rawang.pdf</a> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class="">).
In the case of the example you gave, the plural marker functions as a kind of nominalizer, at least functionally. Classifiers can also be used for this. The topic marker is not crucial in this example, though. As in Chinese, making something the topic of the
construction forces a referential interpretation, regardless of its form.</span></span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><br class="">
</span></span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span lang="EN-AU" class="">All the best,</span></span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span lang="EN-AU" class="">Randy</span></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;"><b class="">Prof. Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span class="" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;">）|
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(65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 | <a href="http://randylapolla.net/" class="">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 17 Jun 2016, at 9:53 pm, Luigi Talamo <<a href="mailto:luigi.talamo@unibg.it" class="">luigi.talamo@unibg.it</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">Dear all,
<div class="">thanks again for all your answers. I am glad that my questions has triggered such an hot and interesting discussion.</div>
<div class="">Like David, I have been fascinating with parts-of-speech (un)markedness since my introduction to linguistic typology.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">As for marking strategies, in my research on 'referential properties', I have simply applied what has been done for 'predicative properties', that is, I have assumed that in Italian something like 'il buono' is structurally more marked than something
like 'il cane buono' 'the good dog' and less marked than 'il cane è buono' 'the dog is good'. Still, we have some examples in Italian where predicative properties can be constructed without verbal copula and something like 'quello buono' 'good one', probably
falls under this construction. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I may be wrong, but I think that from a cross-linguistic perspective we still do not have a clear description on how property concepts function as referents; in David's map, adjectives can be syntactically nouns in some languages, but they can
be functionally either, as far as I can see from Randy's explanation of Mandarin 'hong de', predicative or referential. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Are there any languages that explicitly mark this difference i.e., which they employ a dedicated marker for property concept (PC) with referential function and with argument (i.e. not quality/abstract) meaning? I think that in Italian the distributional
difference between 'il rosso' and 'quello rosso', that is, between a construction involving a simple article vs. a construction with a complex article (I employ Ch. Lyons 1999 distinction) goes in this direction; the former construction codes a PC with referential
function, the latter a property concept with predicative function, which may grammatically act as a noun.</div>
<div class="">Moreover, things are clearer in argument nominal constructions such as 'Non posso sopportare queste stupid-aggini stupid-NMLZ', 'I cannot stand these stupid arguments'. Finally, note that the non-argument counterpart of 'quello rosso' is 'l'essere
rosso' 'the being red', in which the predicative adjective red is nominalized by the means of a nominalized copula construction.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">With respect to marking strategy 'heaviness' e.g., 't<span style="font-size:13px" class="">he definition of Mandarin </span><i style="font-size:13px" class="">de</i><span style="font-size:13px" class=""> as a word ', the issue is not clearer in
languages marking 'substantivization' with bound morphemes. For instance, in Lezgian, the substantizer -da/-di is employed both with PC with referential function:</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-size:13px" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-size:13px" class="">(Haspelmath 1993:112)</span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">I dünja.da-l qʰsan-bur pis-bur.u-laj gzaf ja. </div>
<div class="">this world-SRESS good-NMLZ.PL bad-NMLZ.PL-SREL many COP</div>
<div class="">'In this world the good (people) are more numerous than the bad (people).'</div>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">and PC with predicative function grammatically acting as nouns:</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">(Haspelmath 1993:111)</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">Hixtin televizor k'an-zawa wa-z? Gweči-di, č'exi-di, rang.uni-n-di?</div>
<div class="">which television want-IMPF you-DAT little-NMLZ.SG big-NMLZ.SG color-GEN-NMLZ.SG</div>
<div class="">'What kind of TV set do you want? A little one, a big one, a color one?'</div>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">whereas inflected property words are employed without further marking in Rawang (but, what about the TOPIC marker?):</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">Rawang (LaPolla & Poa 2001:258)</div>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">tē-rì nō shvnvt-í wvp yàng-à<br class="">
</div>
<div class="">large-PL TOP gun-INS shoot TOPyrs-3PL.PST<br class="">
</div>
<div class="">'The big ones were shot by gun.'</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Still, I do not know how to classify tē-rì. Perhaps languages lacking an adjectival category or showing `verby' adjectives do not display an exact distinction between PC with referential functional and substantivized predicative PC.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Thank you, best.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Luigi</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br class="">
<div class="gmail_quote">2016-06-13 12:24 GMT+02:00 David Gil <span dir="ltr" class="">
<<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>></span>:<br class="">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">Randy,<br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks for your comments. Two points:<br class="">
<br class="">
With regard to whether Mandarin <i class="">de</i> is a separate word or not, your criticism is well-taken; my only defense is that that is the way it is usually characterized, and that in a typological survey of this scope, there is no other way of doing things
other than to rely on extant descriptions. Except perhaps to sidestep the issue of wordhood altogether and simply collapse "affix" and "separate word" into a single type, which, I suspect, is what would do now if I were doing the chapter all over again.<br class="">
<br class="">
But I really don't see your point when you write: "I still don’t see what lumping together language forms that aren’t similar into categories that make them look similar does for us." Surely this is the only way for rational inquiry into language (or any other
phenomenological domain) to proceed. "Similar" and "not similar" aren't binary holistic choices, they only have meaning in the context of particular criteria or properties. We observe two entities, call them A and B, and then say Hey, A and B are alike
<b class="">with respect to</b> property X. The value of saying this depends on how trivial or insightful the property X turns out to be, ie. what further understandings X leads us towards. But crucially, the value of X is not negated by pointing to properties
Y, Z, W, V etc, with respect to which A and B differ. The existence of such properties with respect to which A and B differ is totally irrelevant to the value of property X, they do not impinge on it in any way.<br class="">
<br class="">
You ask "what has lumping Mandarin and English together in this context taught us about the languages?". Well one of the things I've always been interested in is cross-linguistic variation with respect to parts-of-speech inventories. The present WALS map
addresses the issue of whether a language distinguishes between adjectives and nouns. (Note: I'm saying "addresses", not "answers".) Specifically, if a language, like English or Mandarin, needs to add a grammatical marker to an adjective in order to give
it the distributional properties of a noun, then this provides good reason to suspect that in such languages, adjectives and nouns constitute different word classes, defined distributionally. Whereas if a language, like Italian or Hebrew, doesn't need to
make use of such a marker, then perhaps it doesn't distinguish between adjectives and nouns (as indeed is suggested by the traditional term "substantives" that groups the two classes together), though alternatively it could be the case that the language in
question does distinguish between adjectives and nouns using other criteria.<br class="">
<br class="">
So all this is relevant to English and Mandarin, regardless of the myriad other important differences between English
<i class="">one</i> and Mandarin <i class="">de.<br class="">
<br class="">
</i>Best,<br class="">
<br class="">
David
<div class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="">On 13/06/2016 17:44, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">Hi David,
<div class="">Thanks for your reply. The crux may be the definition of Mandarin <i class="">
de</i> as a word (you don’t specify phonological word or grammatical word, but since you treat clitics—grammatical words that aren’t phonological words—differently, I am assuming you mean phonological word). It cannot appear on its own, and when added to another
word, like <i class="">hong</i>, they are pronounced together, so it patterns like a clitic, and so is unlike English
<i class="">one</i> in that way as well (people are often thrown off by the fact that in Chinese each character is written separately, but that doesn’t mean each character is a phonological word). </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">And although I don’t want to start the whole debate we had in January again, I still don’t see what lumping together language forms that aren’t similar into categories that make them look similar does for us. Although I can see the practical difficulties
of taking the actual facts of all the languages seriously, very concretely, what has lumping Mandarin and English together in this context taught us about the languages?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Thanks very much.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">All the best,</div>
<div class="">Randy</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 12 Jun 2016, at 1:36 pm, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class=""></a><a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">Randy,<br class="">
<br class="">
Yes, my chapter in WALS characterizes the English and Mandarin constructions as "of the same type structurally", and yes, the two constructions are different from each other in precisely the ways that you describe!<br class="">
<br class="">
That's what typology does: dividing things into classes according to one set of criteria, thereby putting in to the same class things that are very different according to other sets of criteria. And that's precisely what has happened here. My WALS chapter
asks whether an adjective can occur on its own as a noun, without any further morphosyntactic marking and the answer for both English and Mandarin is the same: no. It then further asks, for languages that require such morphosyntactic marking, what the formal
properties of the marking is, distinguishing between affixes and separate words, and between forms that occur before and after their host adjective. And once again, Mandarin and English come out the same, with a separate word that occurs after its host adjective.
That's all the WALS chapter purports to say.<br class="">
<br class="">
Now clearly many constructions in different languages with the same WALS feature values will differ from each other in myriad other ways, as is the case for English and Mandarin here. You may feel that the typology proposed in the "Adjectives without Nouns"
WALS map overlooks what's "most important" about the constructions in question, and you could indeed be right about that. I suspect, however, that an alternative "Adjective without Nouns" map distinguishing between "English and Mandarin types" on the basis
of headedness would have been impractical to produce, since it is too theory dependent, and hence it would not have been possible to glean the necessary information from available grammatical descriptions of a sufficiently large sample of languages. (In fact,
while I agree entirely with your description of the difference between English and Mandarin, I bet that there are even grammatical descriptions of English and Mandarin out there that would see things differently.)<br class="">
<br class="">
I hope this clarifies matters ...<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="">On 12/06/2016 08:20, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">Hi David,
<div class="">It seems from your message here and from your chapter in WALS that the English construction with
<i class="">one</i> and the Chinese construction with <i class="">de </i>are of the same type structurally. I don’t know if I have read you right, but although they are made up of the word representing a property concept followed by another word, the two constructions
are quite different (and the natures of all of the words involved are different as well). In the relevant use of English
<i class="">one</i>, it is a pro-form (see <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman'" lang="EN-US" class="">
Goldberg, Adele E. & Laura A. Michaelis. 2016. One among many: anaphoric <i class="">
one</i> and its relationship to numeral <i class="">one</i>. </span><span class=""><i class="">Cognitive Science</i> 40.4:1–26. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12339</span> for interesting discussion) and clearly the head of the phrase, but in the Chinese example
<i class="">de</i> is only a nominalizer and clearly not the head of the phrase, either in terms of structural behaviour (e.g. in English
<i class="">one</i> patterns like other heads, e.g. we can say “this one”, but this is not the case with Chinese
<i class="">de</i>) or in terms of speakers’ “feel” for what is the core element of the phrase.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">This sort of goes back to the discussion on categorization we had back in January.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">All the best,</div>
<div class="">Randy</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div style="letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word" class="">
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(65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 | <a href="http://randylapolla.net/" target="_blank" class="">
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<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 11 Jun 2016, at 3:33 pm, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">Luigi,<br class="">
<br class="">
Unlike many of my typologist colleagues who seek refuge from the muddy waters of formal criteria in the supposed clarity of semantics, I find semantic criteria to often be just as problematical, if not more so, than their formal counterparts.<br class="">
<br class="">
For the purposes of my WALS map, I did not use headedness as a defining criteria, and I would not wish to take a stand on the headedness in the examples that you discuss. By "adjective" I meant property-denoting word one of whose typical functions is as an
attribute of a noun, and by "noun" I meant thing-denoting word. The map shows the morphosyntactic strategies that a language uses to allow an adjective to occur in a noun slot — typically, but not criterially, heading a phrase that occurs in an argument position.
This definition is met, among others, by the <i class="">one</i> in English <i class="">
beautiful one</i>, the <i class="">de</i> in Mandarin <i class="">hong de</i>, and also by the lack of (dedicated adjective-to-noun conversion) marking in the Italian
<i class="">il bello</i>.<br class="">
<br class="">
Best,<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="">On 10/06/2016 23:01, Luigi Talamo wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class="">Dear all,</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class="">thanks a lot for your all answers, I really appreciate that.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class="">I have found your data very interesting, many comments will follow :-)</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class="">I begin below with David's answer.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif" class="">One of the two kinds of nominalization mentioned in the query ('beautiful' > 'beautiful one') is the subject of my WALS map #61 "Adjectives
without Nouns".<br class="">
<br class="">
David</font></div>
</blockquote>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">Thanks David, I have read your WALS map at the beginning of my work; maybe you remember that we have exchanged a couple of e-mails some time ago. As you
mention in the WALS article, the most important issue here is whether adjectives are syntactic heads in constructions such as 'the white one', which translates in Italian as 'quello bianco'. As you probably noticed, I did not consider these constructions in
my study, as they appear to me to be more 'predicative' than 'referential', at least in Italian; moreover, the syntactic head of the Italian construction is most likely the deictic quello 'this'. But what about the Mandarin example that is reported in your
map, Wǒ yào hóng de. ? Is </font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class="">hóng a property concept with referential function ?</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class="">Thanks</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class="">Luigi</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
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<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">On 09/06/2016 21:14, Luigi Talamo wrote:<br class="">
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">Dear all,</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">I am conducting a research on the lexical nominalisation of property concepts in contemporary
Italian. My study involves two types of nominalisation strategy, affixation such as bello `beautiful' -> bell-ezza `beauty (abstract concept)' and zero-marking ('conversion'), such as bello (adj) -> `(il) bello' -> `the beautiful person', `beauty (abstract
concept)' and `what is beautiful about something'. </font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">Drawing mostly from 'Leipzig Questionnaire On Nominalisation and mixed Categories' (Malchukov
et alii (2008)) and studies on adjectival and mixed categories, I have elaborated a series of morpho-syntactic and semantic parameters, which I have employed to study de-adjectival nominalizations in actual, corpus-based contexts.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">I would like to insert in my study some cross-linguistic notes on the phenomenon, which
I hope to further study from a typological perspective. I will be glad if you can provide me some examples from your languages of expertise. I have found some examples of de-adjectival nominalizations here and there in grammars, but I was not able to exactly
figure out which are the parameters involved; moreover, some recent works (among others, Roy (2010), Alexiadou et alii (2010), Alexiadou & Iordachioaia (2014)) give interesting insights on de-adjectival nominalization, but examples are limited to European
languages.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">I am particularly interested in non-European languages showing a distinct class of adjectives;
morpho-syntatic parameters include case, number, gender, definiteness and specificity, degree, external argument structure and, possibly, verbal parameters, which are however not very significant for Italian de-adjectival nominalisation; semantic parameters
include referent animacy, the distinction between the nominalisation of the adjectival 'argument' vs. the nominalisation of the adjective itself e.g., softie `a thing which is soft' vs. softness and the semantic type of property concepts e.g., PHYSICAL PROPERTY
or HUMAN PROPENSITY.<br class="">
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">So, possible questions are as following:</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">1. Can property concepts be turned into nouns?</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">2. Which strategies are employed for this purpose?</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">3. Which parameters do de-adjectival nouns display?</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">4. Are there any missing values for a given parameter? For instance, de-adjectival nouns
can be only singular or definite or restricted to the subject position.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">5. Are de-adjectival nouns found in both semantic types of nominalization? For instance,
I have observed that European languages focus on the nominalisation of the adjective itself, while argument nominalizations are scarcely attested, limited to certain language varieties and not stable in the lexicon.</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
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</font></div>
<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">(needless to say, questions 2 to 4 can have multiple answers, helping to describe different
patterns of property nominalisation)<br class="">
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">Thanks in advance for your help, all the best.</font></div>
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">Luigi</font></div>
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<font face="arial,
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<div class=""><font face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">PhD Program in Linguistics ('Scienze Linguistiche')<br class="">
University of Bergamo and University of Pavia - Italy</font></div>
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<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
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<font face="arial, helvetica,
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<div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" class="">PhD Program in Linguistics ('Scienze Linguistiche')<br class="">
University of Bergamo and University of Pavia - Italy</font></div>
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<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): <a href="tel:%2B49-3641686834" value="+493641686834" target="_blank" class="">+49-3641686834</a>
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<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
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<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): <a href="tel:%2B49-3641686834" value="+493641686834" target="_blank" class="">+49-3641686834</a>
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): <a href="tel:%2B62-82238009215" value="+6282238009215" target="_blank" class="">+62-82238009215</a>
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