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Hi David,
<div class="">Sorry to take so long to get back you. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Yes, it is fine to "observe two entities, call them A and B, and then say Hey, A and B are alike <b class="">with respect to</b> property X”, but my argument was that they are not alike in terms of property X. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">In terms of what you said about word classes, <i class="">de</i> is not required in Mandarin for an adjective (stative verb) or any other verb to be used as a referential phrase; as I argued in my paper arguing for a constructionalist approach
to Chinese,* it is simply a matter of where it appears in the construction. In the case of adjectives, there is a difference in the use or not of
<i class="">de</i> with the adjective: without it it would probably be more often used to refer to the quality as an entity, but with it it would probably be used to refer to an object with that quality. Below are five natural examples are each type. In 1 we
have it without <i class="">de,</i> used to refer to a type of red. In 2, also without de, it refers to a red object, blood. In 3 it is used with de as a headless relative clause, referring to the hands. In 4, with de, it refers to the quality of being red.
In 5, with de, it refers to the red ring of skin, which might also be seen as a headless relative.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(243, 245, 249);" class="">1 中国红到底是什么红？</span><a href="http://daxianggonghui.baijia.baidu.com/article/49119" class="">http://daxianggonghui.baijia.baidu.com/article/49119</a></div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(243, 245, 249);" class="">Zhongguo hong daodi shi shenme hong </span></div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(243, 245, 249);" class="">China red afterall cop what red</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(243, 245, 249);" class=""><font color="#333333" class="">‘So what is China red?'</font></span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">2</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""> 产前见红 </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><a href="http://www.yaolan.com/zhishi/chanqianjianhong/" class="">http://www.yaolan.com/zhishi/chanqianjianhong/</a></span></div>
<div class="">chan qian jian hong</div>
<div class="">give.birth before see red</div>
<div class="">‘See blood before giving birth’</div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<h3 class="c1f2 title-f22" style="margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 32px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden;">
<font size="4" class=""><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="">3 </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="">白的雪，青的葱，红红的是她的小手</span> </span><font color="#333333" class=""><a href="http://tiku.21cnjy.com/quest/gzN2U__QMT4O.html" style="font-weight: normal;" class="">http://tiku.21cnjy.com/quest/gzN2U__QMT4O.html</a></font></font></h3>
<div class=""><font color="#333333" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="">bai-de xue, qing-de cong, hong-hong-de shi ta-de xiaoshou</div>
<div class="">white-de snow, green-de scallion, red-red-de cop 3sg-de small-hand</div>
<div class="">‘White snow, green scallions, the red one is her small hand’</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<h4 style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; word-break: break-all; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">
<span style="font-weight: normal;" class="">4 </span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 32px; white-space: nowrap;" class="">关羽脸为什么是红的?</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 32px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal;" class=""> <a href="http://iask.sina.com.cn/b/10634327.html" class="">http://iask.sina.com.cn/b/10634327.html</a></span></h4>
<div class=""><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="">Guan Yu lian weishenme shi hong-de</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-weight: normal;" class="">PN face why cop red-de</span></div>
<div class="">‘Why is Guan Yu’s face red?'</div>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">5</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> 宝宝嘴巴周围一圈红红的是怎么回事? </span><font color="#333333" class=""><a href="http://www.babytree.com/ask/detail/42954" class="">http://www.babytree.com/ask/detail/42954</a></font></div>
<div class=""><font color="#333333" class="">Baobao zuiba zhouwei yi-quan hong-hong-de shi zenme hui shi?</font></div>
<div class=""><font color="#333333" class="">baby mouth around one-ring red-red-de cop how CL thing</font></div>
<div class=""><font color="#333333" class="">‘What is the deal with the ring of redness around the baby’s mouth?’</font></div>
<div class=""><font color="#333333" face="Microsoft Yahei, Microsoft Jhenghei" class=""><span style="font-size: 20px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></font></div>
<div class="">*<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;" class="">LaPolla, Randy J. 2013. "Arguments for a construction-based approach to the analysis of Chinese". In
</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;" class="">Human Language Resources and Linguistic Typology</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;" class="">,
Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Sinology, edited by Tseng Chiu-yu, 33-57. Taiwan: Academia Sinica.</span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 16pt;" class="">
<span lang="EN-US" class=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"MS Mincho";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2013_Arguments_for_a_construction-based_approach_to_the_analysis_of_Chinese.pdf" class="">http://randylapolla.net/papers/LaPolla_2013_Arguments_for_a_construction-based_approach_to_the_analysis_of_Chinese.pdf</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"MS Mincho";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" class="">
<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->
<div class="">
<div><br class="">
</div>
<div>So for me there are no global word classes; we need to look at the propositional functions of the elements in the particular constructions in which they appear.</div>
<div><br class="">
</div>
<div>All the best,</div>
<div>Randy</div>
<div><br class="">
</div>
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 13 Jun 2016, at 6:24 pm, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">Randy,<br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks for your comments. Two points:<br class="">
<br class="">
With regard to whether Mandarin <i class="">de</i> is a separate word or not, your criticism is well-taken; my only defense is that that is the way it is usually characterized, and that in a typological survey of this scope, there is no other way of doing things
other than to rely on extant descriptions. Except perhaps to sidestep the issue of wordhood altogether and simply collapse "affix" and "separate word" into a single type, which, I suspect, is what would do now if I were doing the chapter all over again.<br class="">
<br class="">
But I really don't see your point when you write: "I still don’t see what lumping together language forms that aren’t similar into categories that make them look similar does for us." Surely this is the only way for rational inquiry into language (or any other
phenomenological domain) to proceed. "Similar" and "not similar" aren't binary holistic choices, they only have meaning in the context of particular criteria or properties. We observe two entities, call them A and B, and then say Hey, A and B are alike
<b class="">with respect to</b> property X. The value of saying this depends on how trivial or insightful the property X turns out to be, ie. what further understandings X leads us towards. But crucially, the value of X is not negated by pointing to properties
Y, Z, W, V etc, with respect to which A and B differ. The existence of such properties with respect to which A and B differ is totally irrelevant to the value of property X, they do not impinge on it in any way.<br class="">
<br class="">
You ask "what has lumping Mandarin and English together in this context taught us about the languages?". Well one of the things I've always been interested in is cross-linguistic variation with respect to parts-of-speech inventories. The present WALS map
addresses the issue of whether a language distinguishes between adjectives and nouns. (Note: I'm saying "addresses", not "answers".) Specifically, if a language, like English or Mandarin, needs to add a grammatical marker to an adjective in order to give
it the distributional properties of a noun, then this provides good reason to suspect that in such languages, adjectives and nouns constitute different word classes, defined distributionally. Whereas if a language, like Italian or Hebrew, doesn't need to
make use of such a marker, then perhaps it doesn't distinguish between adjectives and nouns (as indeed is suggested by the traditional term "substantives" that groups the two classes together), though alternatively it could be the case that the language in
question does distinguish between adjectives and nouns using other criteria.<br class="">
<br class="">
So all this is relevant to English and Mandarin, regardless of the myriad other important differences between English
<i class="">one</i> and Mandarin <i class="">de.<br class="">
<br class="">
</i>Best,<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 13/06/2016 17:44, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:2CA5083C-7A86-4DA4-A03D-C9798D9B8DB5@ntu.edu.sg" type="cite" class="">
Hi David,
<div class="">Thanks for your reply. The crux may be the definition of Mandarin <i class="">
de</i> as a word (you don’t specify phonological word or grammatical word, but since you treat clitics—grammatical words that aren’t phonological words—differently, I am assuming you mean phonological word). It cannot appear on its own, and when added to another
word, like <i class="">hong</i>, they are pronounced together, so it patterns like a clitic, and so is unlike English
<i class="">one</i> in that way as well (people are often thrown off by the fact that in Chinese each character is written separately, but that doesn’t mean each character is a phonological word). </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">And although I don’t want to start the whole debate we had in January again, I still don’t see what lumping together language forms that aren’t similar into categories that make them look similar does for us. Although I can see the practical difficulties
of taking the actual facts of all the languages seriously, very concretely, what has lumping Mandarin and English together in this context taught us about the languages?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Thanks very much.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">All the best,</div>
<div class="">Randy</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 12 Jun 2016, at 1:36 pm, David Gil <<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" class=""></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">Randy,<br class="">
<br class="">
Yes, my chapter in WALS characterizes the English and Mandarin constructions as "of the same type structurally", and yes, the two constructions are different from each other in precisely the ways that you describe!<br class="">
<br class="">
That's what typology does: dividing things into classes according to one set of criteria, thereby putting in to the same class things that are very different according to other sets of criteria. And that's precisely what has happened here. My WALS chapter
asks whether an adjective can occur on its own as a noun, without any further morphosyntactic marking and the answer for both English and Mandarin is the same: no. It then further asks, for languages that require such morphosyntactic marking, what the formal
properties of the marking is, distinguishing between affixes and separate words, and between forms that occur before and after their host adjective. And once again, Mandarin and English come out the same, with a separate word that occurs after its host adjective.
That's all the WALS chapter purports to say.<br class="">
<br class="">
Now clearly many constructions in different languages with the same WALS feature values will differ from each other in myriad other ways, as is the case for English and Mandarin here. You may feel that the typology proposed in the "Adjectives without Nouns"
WALS map overlooks what's "most important" about the constructions in question, and you could indeed be right about that. I suspect, however, that an alternative "Adjective without Nouns" map distinguishing between "English and Mandarin types" on the basis
of headedness would have been impractical to produce, since it is too theory dependent, and hence it would not have been possible to glean the necessary information from available grammatical descriptions of a sufficiently large sample of languages. (In fact,
while I agree entirely with your description of the difference between English and Mandarin, I bet that there are even grammatical descriptions of English and Mandarin out there that would see things differently.)<br class="">
<br class="">
I hope this clarifies matters ...<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/06/2016 08:20, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:D1881E39-6853-4865-8B0A-556FF68E02DF@ntu.edu.sg" type="cite" class="">
Hi David,
<div class="">It seems from your message here and from your chapter in WALS that the English construction with
<i class="">one</i> and the Chinese construction with <i class="">de </i>are of the same type structurally. I don’t know if I have read you right, but although they are made up of the word representing a property concept followed by another word, the two constructions
are quite different (and the natures of all of the words involved are different as well). In the relevant use of English
<i class="">one</i>, it is a pro-form (see <span class="" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US">
Goldberg, Adele E. & Laura A. Michaelis. 2016. One among many: anaphoric <i class="">
one</i> and its relationship to numeral <i class="">one</i>. </span><span class="" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times
New Roman""><i class="">Cognitive Science</i> 40.4:1–26. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12339</span> for interesting discussion)
and clearly the head of the phrase, but in the Chinese example <i class="">de</i> is only a nominalizer and clearly not the head of the phrase, either in terms of structural behaviour (e.g. in English
<i class="">one</i> patterns like other heads, e.g. we can say “this one”, but this is not the case with Chinese
<i class="">de</i>) or in terms of speakers’ “feel” for what is the core element of the phrase.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">This sort of goes back to the discussion on categorization we had back in January.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">All the best,</div>
<div class="">Randy</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap:
break-word;">
<div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt;
font-family:Arial,sans-serif;
color:rgb(34,34,34);
background-color:white">-----</span></span>
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt;
font-family:Arial,sans-serif;
color:rgb(34,34,34);
background-color:white"><b class="">Prof.
Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span class="" style="color:rgb(34,34,34);
background-color:white;
font-size:13px"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span class="" style="font-size:10pt;
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color:rgb(34,34,34);
background-color:white">）|
Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies | Nanyang Technological University</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;
font-size:15px"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt;
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(65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 | <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://randylapolla.net/" class="">
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 11 Jun 2016, at 3:33 pm, David Gil <<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">Luigi,<br class="">
<br class="">
Unlike many of my typologist colleagues who seek refuge from the muddy waters of formal criteria in the supposed clarity of semantics, I find semantic criteria to often be just as problematical, if not more so, than their formal counterparts.<br class="">
<br class="">
For the purposes of my WALS map, I did not use headedness as a defining criteria, and I would not wish to take a stand on the headedness in the examples that you discuss. By "adjective" I meant property-denoting word one of whose typical functions is as an
attribute of a noun, and by "noun" I meant thing-denoting word. The map shows the morphosyntactic strategies that a language uses to allow an adjective to occur in a noun slot — typically, but not criterially, heading a phrase that occurs in an argument position.
This definition is met, among others, by the <i class="">one</i> in English <i class="">
beautiful one</i>, the <i class="">de</i> in Mandarin <i class="">hong de</i>, and also by the lack of (dedicated adjective-to-noun conversion) marking in the Italian
<i class="">il bello</i>.<br class="">
<br class="">
Best,<br class="">
<br class="">
David<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/06/2016 23:01, Luigi Talamo wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Dear all,</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">thanks a lot for your all answers, I really appreciate that.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I have found your data very interesting, many comments will follow :-)</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">I begin below with David's answer.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;
border-left-width:1px;
border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);
border-left-style:solid;
padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif">One of the two kinds of nominalization mentioned in the query ('beautiful' > 'beautiful one') is the subject of my WALS map #61 "Adjectives
without Nouns".<br class="">
<br class="">
David</font></div>
</blockquote>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif">Thanks David, I have read your WALS map at the beginning of my work; maybe you remember that we have exchanged a couple of e-mails some time ago. As you
mention in the WALS article, the most important issue here is whether adjectives are syntactic heads in constructions such as 'the white one', which translates in Italian as 'quello bianco'. As you probably noticed, I did not consider these constructions in
my study, as they appear to me to be more 'predicative' than 'referential', at least in Italian; moreover, the syntactic head of the Italian construction is most likely the deictic quello 'this'. But what about the Mandarin example that is reported in your
map, Wǒ yào hóng de. ? Is </font><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">hóng a property concept with referential function ?</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Luigi</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;
border-left-width:1px;
border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);
border-left-style:solid;
padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">
<div class="">
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
</font>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif">On 09/06/2016 21:14, Luigi Talamo wrote:<br class="">
</font></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">Dear all,</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">I am conducting a research on the lexical nominalisation of property concepts in contemporary
Italian. My study involves two types of nominalisation strategy, affixation such as bello `beautiful' -> bell-ezza `beauty (abstract concept)' and zero-marking ('conversion'), such as bello (adj) -> `(il) bello' -> `the beautiful person', `beauty (abstract
concept)' and `what is beautiful about something'. </font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">Drawing mostly from 'Leipzig Questionnaire On Nominalisation and mixed Categories' (Malchukov
et alii (2008)) and studies on adjectival and mixed categories, I have elaborated a series of morpho-syntactic and semantic parameters, which I have employed to study de-adjectival nominalizations in actual, corpus-based contexts.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">I would like to insert in my study some cross-linguistic notes on the phenomenon, which
I hope to further study from a typological perspective. I will be glad if you can provide me some examples from your languages of expertise. I have found some examples of de-adjectival nominalizations here and there in grammars, but I was not able to exactly
figure out which are the parameters involved; moreover, some recent works (among others, Roy (2010), Alexiadou et alii (2010), Alexiadou & Iordachioaia (2014)) give interesting insights on de-adjectival nominalization, but examples are limited to European
languages.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">I am particularly interested in non-European languages showing a distinct class of adjectives;
morpho-syntatic parameters include case, number, gender, definiteness and specificity, degree, external argument structure and, possibly, verbal parameters, which are however not very significant for Italian de-adjectival nominalisation; semantic parameters
include referent animacy, the distinction between the nominalisation of the adjectival 'argument' vs. the nominalisation of the adjective itself e.g., softie `a thing which is soft' vs. softness and the semantic type of property concepts e.g., PHYSICAL PROPERTY
or HUMAN PROPENSITY.<br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">So, possible questions are as following:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">1. Can property concepts be turned into nouns?</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">2. Which strategies are employed for this purpose?</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">3. Which parameters do de-adjectival nouns display?</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">4. Are there any missing values for a given parameter? For instance, de-adjectival nouns
can be only singular or definite or restricted to the subject position.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">5. Are de-adjectival nouns found in both semantic types of nominalization? For instance,
I have observed that European languages focus on the nominalisation of the adjective itself, while argument nominalizations are scarcely attested, limited to certain language varieties and not stable in the lexicon.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">(needless to say, questions 2 to 4 can have multiple answers, helping to describe different
patterns of property nominalisation)<br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">Thanks in advance for your help, all the best.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">Luigi</font></div>
<font class="" face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif"><br class="" clear="all">
</font>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font></div>
<font class="" face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif">--
<br class="">
</font>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif">PhD Program in Linguistics ('Scienze Linguistiche')<br class="">
University of Bergamo and University of Pavia - Italy</font></div>
</div>
<font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif"><br class="">
</font><fieldset class=""></fieldset> <font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif">
<br class="">
</font></div>
</div>
<span class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
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</pre>
</font></span></blockquote>
<span class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" color="#888888"><br class="">
<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
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<div class=""><font class="" face="arial, helvetica,
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University of Bergamo and University of Pavia - Italy</font></div>
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David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-82238009215
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-82238009215
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