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Dear all,<br>
<br>
While I agree wholeheartedly with those who have proposed the notion
of polysynthesis as constituting one of the central contributions of
Amerindian languages to linguistic typology, I am also sympathetic
with Martin Haspelmath's observations about how the the notion of
polysynthesis relies on an often poorly understood notion of
wordhood, and I do not accept Claude Hagége's claim that that the
abundance of typological studies of polysynthesis may be construed
as somehow "giving the lie" to Martin's reservations. On the
contrary, I would say that one of the major contributions of
Amerindian languages to linguistic typology, via the so-called
polysynthetic languages, is precisely the challenge that they pose
to the traditional notion of word, as discussed in recent work by
Martin and others.<br>
<br>
David Gil<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 05/07/2016 02:18, Marianne Mithun
wrote:<br>
</div>
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Note on polysynthesis.<br>
<br>
The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis is now in press, slated to
appear early next year. A major thrust of the volume is the
question of whether polysynthesis is an identifiable and/or useful
type, whether there are sufficient or necessary features and what
they might be, whether languages can be more or less
polysynthetic, whether core polysynthetic languages tend to show
other structural features, etc. <br>
<br>
There are general chapters on polysynthesis and complexity,
polysynthesis and holophrasis (in the sense of all crucial parts
of the predication specified within the verb, including core
arguments), the limits of polysynthesis, the nature of the lexicon
in polysynthetic languages, different theoretical perspectives on
polysynthesis, the nature of the word in polysynthetic languages
(phonological and morphological challenges), social circumstances
stimulating the development and retention of polysynthesis, etc.
There are also chapters on the diachrony of polysynthesis, the
acquisition of polysynthetic languages, areal perspectives on
polysynthesis (geographical hotbeds), and chapters on individual
languages that have been characterized as polysynthetic, in which
authors weigh the various criteria that have been proposed for
polysynthesis to see whether they add up to a definable type.<br>
<br>
Marianne<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 7/4/2016 7:07 AM, Claude Hagège
wrote:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US">Hi everyone,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"> I’d like to stress that, after
the monographs on Nahuatl written in the XVIth and
XVIIth centuries by, among others, Alonso de Molina,
Andres de Olmos, or on Guarani by Luis de Montoya,
work on incorporation and polysynthesis, became more
and more important in Europe due to the discovery of
these morphosyntactic features by Pierre du Ponceau,
who invented these technical terms, first applying
them to Nahuatl, and thus showing what outstanding
contributions Amerindian languages were able to make
to language studies. There is, therefore, a tradition
referring to the study of these characteristics, and
this went as far as prompting linguists to add the
polysynthetic type to Schlegel’s and Humboldt’s famous
three types, to wit isolating, agglutinative and
inflectional, which, long before Greenberg, laid the
foundations of linguistic typology. This research
tradition on polysynthesis and incorporation is
illustrated by many works, giving the lie, by the way,
to Martin’s assertion that “these terms have no clear
definition in typology, because they rely on the
notion of word”. Among such works, there are for
example, if I may mention them, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt" lang="EN-GB"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB">CH, « Lexical suffixes and incorporation
in Mainland Comox », <i>Forum Linguisticum</i>,
Vol. 3, n°1, August 1978, 57-71.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt" lang="EN-GB"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB">CH, « On noun incorporation in universal
grammar (further comments on a previous article) », <i>Forum
Linguisticum,</i> Vol. 4, n°3, Apr. 1980, 241-245.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">CH,
« Incorporation nominale et suffixation lexicale :
essai de typologie et cas particulier du comox
(Colombie britannique) », <i>Bulletin de la Société
de Linguistique de Paris</i>, tome 72, fasc. </span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB">1, 1977, 319-340.</span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> <span
lang="EN-US">CH</span></span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB"> « Language as a faculty, languages as
“contingent” manifestations and humans as function
builders », <i>Reconnecting Language. Morphology and
Syntax in Functional Perspective,</i> « Current
Issues in Linguistic Theory » series, 154,
Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing
Company, 1997, 29-47.</span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Claude<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"
lang="EN-US"> </span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"> Lingtyp [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US">] <b>De la part de</b> Plank<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> lundi 4 juillet 2016 12:35</span><span
lang="EN-US"> these terms have no clear definition in
typology, because they rely on the notion of "word"</span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""
lang="EN-US"><br>
<b>À :</b> Enrique L. Palancar; <a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"><LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG></a></a><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Americanist contributions
to typology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The paper by Antoine that Enrique
mentions is specifially on what is nowadays called
"associated motion", something where Australia and South
America have been leading the way. The paper -- and it's
probably the longest we've ever had -- is in LT 20(1) 2016,
an issue that was regrettably held up by production hiccups,
but is to finally hit your screens and/or mailboxes this
month. ToC attached.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">In its early days (17-18th
century) typology, and simultaneously language evolution,
was a subject for "conjectural historians", and seriously
Americas-informed factually-based typologising arguably
only began with the likes of James Burnett (see below a
passage from a handbook article for his actual language
coverage) and Peter Stephen Du Ponceau. I'd say grappling
with <b>polysynthesis/incorporation/Einverleibun</b>g was
the first really significant typological contribution
whose chief inspiration was American, superseding what had
been speculated about the typological and evolutionary
status of holistic event designations, aka
impersonal/subjectless sentences. Very early, certain <b>sound/phoneme
inventories</b>, lacking labials that just about
everybody else loved and acquired early, were also
perceived as a typological challenge from the Americas,
calling for corrections of facile generalisations. <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Good) typology is so driven by (deep)
knowledge about languages. Good of Mark to recall Sapir.
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Frans<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-82238009215
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