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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">As several of you, and most recently Martin, have pointed out, there are two issues that the current discussion has centered on: the justification of a category that would
include classifiers and gender and, if this the category is worth having, what term should be used for it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">My comment pertains to the first issue. In this context, it is worth reviewing the reasons why we establish categories. It seems to me that the only justification for a category
is that it allows for generalizations. This means that at least two properties should be shared by members of the category so that given one of the two properties, the other becomes predictable. If this general point is correct, then the only question about
whether a classifier-gender category should or should not be created is whether it would allow for predictions; in particular, whether there are at least two features that would define the category so that one of them predicts the other.<br>
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Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Edith Moravcsik<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Christian Chiarcos<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 23, 2017 3:32 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Siva Kalyan <sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] R: genifiers (gender markers/classifiers)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Would “tagger” work? It’s in the same semantic neighbourhood as “classifier” and
<i>raggruppatore</i>; isn’t already used in grammatical theory (as far as I know); and has a suitably 21st-century ring to it :). It does of course have an existing usage in computational linguistics (e.g. “part-of-speech tagger”); but I think there’s little
risk of confusion with this usage.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Being a computational linguist myself, I strongly disagree, in particular when it comes to "tag".<span class="apple-style-span"> There is overlap between corpus linguistics and typology when it comes to producing, processing and storing
linguistic examples as IGTs. In terms of linguistic annotation, a tag is any kind of categorial label that can be assigned to an expression (be it a word, morph, whatever). A tag for gender/classifier information would then be a tag tag. This leads to endless
confusion, because it's hard to imagine what to call a non-tag tag, then, and, so, tag (if not used as tag tag) would always be ambiguous.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span">Personally, I would prefer to broaden the scope of existing terms (because that's a natural development in scientific terminology anyway) -- if it's not too much of a stretch, but this may be a sign that the
generalization is invalid --, and to distinguish this from more strictly defined hyponyms by means of restricting modifiers. I think we had a suggestion to refer to "genifiers" as (generalized) "classifiers" and to (traditional) classifiers as "numerical classifiers",
for example.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span">This is actually a practical solution when it comes to writing papers, because if focusing on "numerical classifiers" one can simply add a note that the sense adopted here corresponds to numerical classifiers
and the term "classifier" is henceforth used to refer to these, only. But even without such a prelude on terminology, both works dealing with (generalized) classifiers and works about (numerical) classifiers will remain interpretable on the basis of established
terminology. It will certainly facilitate the academic exchange between typologists and other linguists (who are unlikely to adopt the concept of "genifier" any time soon).</span><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span">Best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span">Christian</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">The hyperonym for “gender” and “class” would thus be “tag”.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Siva</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 22 Mar 2017, at 8:16 pm, Elisa Roma <<a href="mailto:frisella@iol.it">frisella@iol.it</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Dear Martin, dear typologists,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">thank you for this discussion.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">I had a similar reaction to Sebastian Nordhoff’s, that is I felt (and feel) that the word genifier is too easily connected to genes. In fact looking at the way
it was coined I had imagined, for what is worth, exactly the same alternatives, clander or clender. The morphological problem with genifier is that it is meant to be a blend, but in fact it’s made up as (or homonymous with) a derivative. I had also thought
that speakers of Romance languages may be more sensitive about this problem, but this may not be the case.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Still, there is the semantic problem, because brunch and smog are not hyperonyms, as has already been noted.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">IF we need a hyperonym as Martin has argued, but others have questioned, I feel that anyway this is not a very good one, and not simply for neophobic issues.
As I am not a native speaker I feel somewhat uncomfortable in coining English words. If I had to coin something for what Martin has defined I’d use Italian raggruppatore (possibly to be translated with English grouper?). A raggruppatore is something that (generally)
groups together (nouns in grammatical or semantic categories, but also words in phrases, referents in pragmatical kinds,…), like a sheep-dog does with sheep. Perhaps it’s too general a term, but that may have the advantage of not encouraging its (ab)use in
descriptions , something which Randy La Polla has warned us against.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">But we’ll have to look at new generations of linguists to see what happens with new words. So, I have to step out.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">All the best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Elisa</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">P.S. I asked my husband what could a word like genifier refer to for linguists and he said: “Genitive”.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Elisa Roma, PhD</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">General and Celtic Linguistics</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Università di Pavia</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Italia</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><a href="mailto:elisa.roma@unipv.it"><span style="color:#0563C1">elisa.roma@unipv.it</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Da:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Lingtyp
[<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Per conto di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Johanna NICHOLS<br>
<b>Inviato:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mercoledì 22 marzo 2017 06.08<br>
<b>A:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Randy John LaPolla (Prof) <<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Oggetto:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] genifiers (gender markers/classifiers)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Where, oh where, is the generation that gave us terms like "pied piping"? We need that kind of creativity now.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Johanna Nichols<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, Mar 21, 2017 at 7:42 PM, Randy John LaPolla (Prof) <<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi All,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks to Sebastian, Walter, and Mark for bringing up important points. I also feel there are structural and functional differences between genders and “noun classifiers”. I put the latter in scare quotes because it is as Mark said, they
aren’t really classifying the noun, but are specifying the referent of the noun, and so the same noun can take different classifiers in many cases depending on the referent involved. In some uses they are actually referential themselves, and so can also be
modified in some languages.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">But my main reason for writing is to mention that this discussion is relevant to our discussion last year about classification in typology and language description.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Whenever we make a higher abstraction we are moving one more step away from the facts of the languages. The terms “gender” and “noun classifier” are already abstractions across a range of different phenomena, and so there is some loss of
information about the diversity of forms when we use such terms, and if we then make a categorial merger of these two forms, as suggested, we then lose even more information. It may be that some typologists find this useful, and are willing to pay this price
to be able to make grand generalisations, but the loss of information must be kept in mind, and there is also the danger that this usage filters back into descriptions of languages. We already have the case of the introduction of “converb”, which was a categorial
merger of different types of non-finite verb constructions that may have been useful for some people, but what happened is that some people doing descriptions of languages now feel it is enough to say something is a converb construction without going into
the details of what sort of converb it is. So we have a loss of information in the descriptions as well.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">As a number of people said, it may be we don’t have enough terminology in linguistics, but for me it is a lack of terms for doing fine-grained analysis of actual linguistic structures, not a lack of terms for high level abstractions that
obscure the diversity of actual structures.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">If one wants to talk about these types together, I recommend keeping something like “noun classification devices” (even though as I said they aren’t necessarily classifying the noun, but the referent) because it is transparent and also
has the plural marker, keeping us aware that we are talking about a plurality of devices and not one single type. The fact that it is not short and catchy will also help prevent the problem of it being used as a descriptive label.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Randy<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m5709932468916639368apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">-----</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Prof. Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:#222222;background:white">（羅仁地）</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">|
Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies | Nanyang Technological University</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"><br>
<span class="m5709932468916639368apple-style-span"><span style="background:white">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332 | Tel: (65) 6592-1825 GMT+8h | Fax: (65) 6795-6525 |</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background:white"> </span></span><span class="m5709932468916639368apple-style-span"><span style="background:white"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m5709932468916639368apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Most recent book:</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 22 Mar 2017, at 7:25 AM, Mark W. Post <<a href="mailto:markwpost@gmail.com">markwpost@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Martin/All -<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">As others have already pointed out, there are two related issues here, one terminological and the other typological. I consider the terminological issue pretty trivial - I certainly
agree that we have less terminology than we need for the number of concepts that we want to talk about in a more-or-less contrastive way, and while I'm willing to bet that even those of us who share this view probably blanched (at least initially) at the sight
of the term "genifier", at the end of the day it doesn't matter - "grammaticalization" has more suffixes than it needs, and if you unpack them all they don't actually add up to what we use the term to mean, but the world keeps turning regardless.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">But I'd take issue with the motivation for a categorical merger in the first place (which is what I take the introduction of a superordinate label to amount to - if that's wrong,
then I've misunderstood something). It seems to me that most of the literature on classifiers focuses on the semantic dimension of classification, probably because this is what stands out as exotic from a European perspective - and, indeed, the label "classifier"
itself suggests this. And it's the semantic dimension that is mostly being focused on when an alignment between gender systems and classifier systems is proposed - even, and especially, when superordinate labels like "noun classification" are proposed. But
this is only part of the story. The *function* of classifiers - and here, I *only* mean the "numeral classifiers" of Greater Mainland Southeast Asia - is not classification, but referential specification. They function, that is, to individuate entities as
instances of types. That is why the most frequently-used classifier by far in Mandarin Chinese, for example, is (almost) semantically empty, and cliticizes to demonstratives and the numeral 'one' in most mentions. Other languages take matters further, by deputizing
the generic classifier itself as a de facto indefinite article - consider, for example, Nuoso Yi (data from Liu and Gu 2011 DOI:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.96.11liu" target="_blank"><span style="color:purple">10.1075/tsl.96.11liu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-
apologies if the glosses don't align properly).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">i33ti34 gu33 ʑo33 si44 la33 .<br>
coat CL catch take come <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
‘Bring a coat (to me).’<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hence the frequent observation that languages with classifiers tend to lack articles (though it's true that they don't always).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Given these facts, it seems that there's an at least equal argument in favor of merging classifiers with other referential markers, and in particular articles, so: clarticles? classicles?
artifiers? Hmmm...<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">It seems to me that what we're really talking about here is the same thing that we usually talk about, which is that there are no cross-linguistically watertight categories, but
we want to do typology anyway, so what do we do? We can select a semantic parameter (a "comparative concept") in terms of which categories may be similar across languages, but they will differ in other respects. If we focus on those other respects, we can
end up with a different typology. It may be that the real difficulty here is that our traditional category-labels, and the categories they are designed to capture, are multi-dimensional.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Mark<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 22/03/2017 8:34 AM, Sebastian Nordhoff wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<pre>And the term “gen-ifier” is completely parallel to “class-ifier” – it’s<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>a marker that puts a noun in a genus.<o:p></o:p></pre>
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<pre>if "genifier" is used to put a noun in a *genus*, it is out as a marker<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>for the superordinate concept encompassing both noun class and gender.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Best<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Sebastian<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<pre>(Actually, since English distinguishes between “gender” and “genus”, one<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>might even introduce “genus” as a new feature term, a cover term for<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>gender and classifierhood. That would certainly be found more acceptable<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>to neophobics than "clender".)<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>On 21.03.17 20:38, Sebastian Nordhoff wrote:<o:p></o:p></pre>
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<pre>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>as someone who has not worked extensively on either of these concepts, I<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>still have to say that the term "genifier" strikes me as odd. My first<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>thought upon seeing the subject of the mail was "OK, this will be about<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>making something a gender, or a gene, or a knee-like thing maybe, let's<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>see". I was misled by terms such as "intensifier", used to make<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>something more intense, and certainly also, albeit more on phonological<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>grounds, by "gentrification", which is a widely debated topic where I<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>live.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>The attempt to blend "GEnder" and "classiFIER" is not successful in my<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>view, as "-fier" is not really the important formative here; "class" is.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>If there is a desire for a blend, I would rather go for "Clender" or<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>"Clander", which would not lead to misparsings/misinterpretations as the<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>one I had.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>As a final note, a "classifier" does something to an X, while "gender"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>is a property of an X.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>(1) /ladida/ is of gender X<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>(2) ?/ladida/ is of classifier X<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>(3) ?/-dada/ is a gender<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>(4) /-dada/ is a classifier<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>It is unclear to me whether the two concepts "gender" and "classifier"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>do actually have a superordinate concept. Possibly, one has to use<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>"gender marker" and "classifier", or "noun class" and "gender" as<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>subordinate concepts to arrive at a good superordinate concept.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Best wishes<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Sebastian<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>On 03/20/2017 04:05 PM, Martin Haspelmath wrote:<o:p></o:p></pre>
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<pre>Dear typologists,<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Cross-linguistic terminology (comparative concepts) should be both clear<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>and conform to the tradition, in order to preserve continuity with the<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>older literature.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>In the case of the terms "gender" and "classifier", it seems that these<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>two goals cannot be achieved simultaneously without coining a new term<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>("genifier").<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>There is quite a bit of general literature on gender/classifiers (e.g.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Dixon 1986; Grinevald 2000; Aikhenvald 2000; Seifart 2010; Corbett &<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Fedden 2016), but none of these works provide clear definitions of these<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>terms, and the more recent literature (e.g. Corbett & Fedden, and also<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Seifart & Payne 2007) actually emphasizes that there is no reason to say<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>that gender markers and classifiers are distinct phenomena in the<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>world's languages.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Thus, it seems to me that we need the new term "genifier", perhaps<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>defined as follows:<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>A *genifier system* is a system of grammatical markers which occur on<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>nominal modifiers, predicates or anaphoric pronouns, and each of which<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>expresses (i.e. normally reflects, but sometimes contributes) a broad<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>property other than person and number of the controlling noun (i.e. for<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>nominal modifiers: the modificatum, for predicates: an argument, for<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>anaphoric pronouns: the antecedent).<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>The alternative to coining a new term, it seems to me, would be to<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>extend the meaning of the term "gender" or of the term "classifier" in<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>such a way that there would be no more continuity with the earlier<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>literature.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Given the above definition of genifier, we can perhaps define "gender"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>and "numeral classifier" as follows (as arbitrary subcategories of<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>genifiers, defined just to preserve continuity with the older<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>literature):<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>A *gender system* (= a system of gender markers) is a system of<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>genifiers which includes no more than 20 genifiers and which is not<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>restricted to numeral modifiers.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>A *numeral classifier system* is a system of genifiers which is<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>restricted to numeral (plus optionally other adnominal) modifiers.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>I wonder if the above definitions have any obvious defects, i.e. any<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>cases that everyone would call gender or numeral classifier and that<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>wouldn't fall under the definitions, or cases that fall under them and<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>that nobody would call gender or numeral classifier.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Note that the new term "genifier" also has the advantage that the whole<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>domain can be called *genification* (rather than the cumbersome "noun<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>classification/nominal classification", which is also vague because<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>there are all kinds of "classes" or "classifications" of nouns which<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>have nothing to do with genifiers).<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Any comments?<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>*************************<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>References<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2000. /Classifiers: A typology of noun<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>categorization devices/. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Corbett, Greville G. & Sebastian Fedden. 2016. Canonical gender.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>/Journal of Linguistics/ 52(3). 495--531.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Dixon, R. M. W. 1986. Noun classes and noun classification in<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>typological perspective. In Colette Grinevald Craig (ed.), /Noun classes<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>and categorization/, 105--112. Amsterdam: Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Grinevald, Colette G. 2000. A morphosyntactic typology of classifiers.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>In Gunter Senft (ed.), /Systems of nominal classification/, 50--92.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Seifart, Frank. 2010. Nominal classification. /Language and Linguistics<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Compass/ 4(8). 719--736.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Seifart, Frank & Doris L. Payne. 2007. Nominal classification in the<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>North West Amazon: Issues in areal diffusion and typological<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>characterization. /International Journal of American Linguistics/ 73(4).<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>381--387.<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre> <o:p></o:p></pre>
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