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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Good to see so much interest in nominal classification. Consider this example:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> mi-<b class="">na</b>-si-na
<b class="">na</b>-yu <b class="">na</b>-manabweta vivila</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">DEM-FEMALE-PL-DEM FEMALE-two FEMALE-beautiful girl</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">‘these two beautiful girls’</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Easy! Plenty of agreement, obviously a gender system. We agree. But not so fast. Gunter Senft, THE expert on Kilivila, calls this a classifier system (the example is from Senft 1986: 69, that’s his Mouton Grammar).
And there are reasons for that: for instance, there is flexibility in the choice of values.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Nominal classification is complex. One difficulty is that it’s easy to get hung up on sterotypes (French gender, Mandarin classifiers) and we think it’s time to pull apart the different criteria in nominal classification
systems. The particular clusterings that we find in French, Chichewa, Archi and Burmese, aren’t the whole story.
<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Please let’s not define by the number of values: there are tiny classifier systems and large gender systems. (By the way, the Kilivila system has at least 177 members.) Biologists don’t say that legs must come
in twos or fours, and bar millipedes from having legs because they have too many. Linguists allow for large tense systems and small consonant inventories.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">We would argue that the canonical gender system has rigid assignment. That’s a principled baseline to measure from. Then we find some that are much more flexible (like Mawng as mentioned by Ruth Singer, or Savosavo</span>,
Wegener 2012<span lang="EN-GB" class="">). And there are “classifier” systems where the speaker has little choice. Do check your favourite system using Gerald Gazdar’s orange test. If orange takes the ‘sphere’ classifier, step on one and then ask your speaker.
You may be surprised to find it’s still classified as ‘sphere’, because the lexeme for orange takes that classifier (sounds like agreement?). Mike Franjieh’s work on relational classifiers in North Ambrym is significant here (see
<i class="">Oceanic Linguistics</i> 2016). <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">So nominal classification systems can be more or less close to canonical gender. Exotica are still turning up, even in Europe (see Paciaroni & Loporcaro’s recent work on Ripano). As we weaken the constraint of
agreement (and Steele’s definition is still a helpful one), we get to the exotic system of Dutch (see Jenny Audring on this) and to noun classifiers (which Nick Reid has shown nicely grammaticalizing into genders in Ngan’gityemerri). The markers may be more
bound (as in French and Kilivila) or less bound (as in Ngan’gityemerri). There is a wonderfully rich variety of systems out there, since the different criteria vary independently of each other (but not absolutely so, of course, or where would we typologists
be?). And in many respects, the different types of classifier are more different from each other than they are from canonical gender.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">The issues have occupied us (Sebastian Fedden and Greville Corbett) for quite some while. If anyone has time to comment, we’ll gladly send you a paper or two. It’s work in progress.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Very best</span></p>
<div class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px;" class="">Grev and Sebastian</span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 24 Mar 2017, at 08:36, Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" class="">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">On 23.03.17 19:21, Alan Rumsey wrote:<br class="">
<blockquote cite="mid:0B336663-2C36-4154-87B8-7598E10EE118@anu.edu.au" type="cite" class="">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Calibri" class="">Those of us who have worked on languages with 2-5 such classes (in my case Ungarinyin) have sometimes called them ‘genders’, while those who have worked on languages with more
have called them ‘noun classes’. </span></p>
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<br class="">
I had presupposed in my earlier messages that there is no distinction between these two types, and that they should be called "genders" – I took this as established by Corbett (1991). As Johanna Nichols noted, the term "noun class" is vague, so for cross-linguistic
purposes, "gender" is surely better.<br class="">
<br class="">
(One might feel that neglecting the sex-based vs. non-sex-based distinction is not such a good idea, as in Bernhard Wälchli's message, but it seems to me that one really shouldn't use the term "gender" anymore for sex-based distinctions, at least in typology.
I take Corbett (1991) as foundational for all of us.)<br class="">
<br class="">
But the problems with Corbett (1991) are<br class="">
<br class="">
– that his definition of gender is based on the notion of "agreement" (for which there is no clear definition, cf. Corbett (2006), who only provides a definition of canonical agreement)<br class="">
<br class="">
– that the distinction between "gender" and "numeral classifier" is (in part) based on the idea that gender markers are affixes and numeral classifiers are free forms, but there is no clear definition of "affix" (there is a definition of "free form", as occurring
on its own in a complete utterance – and numeral classifiers are surely bound by this criterion)<br class="">
<br class="">
– that the distinction between "features" (like gender) and markers (like classifiers) is far from clear-cut<br class="">
<br class="">
Moreover, Corbett himself has given up the distinction between gender and other classifiers (there's only a canonical definition of gender now), as have others such as Ruth Singer, Sasha Aikhenvald, and Frank Seifart. But I still want to talk about "gender"
as a comparative concept (as well as about "numeral classifiers" – a student of mine just wrote a nice MA thesis about this topic).<br class="">
<br class="">
Guillaume Segerer points out that some Atlantic languages have up to 31 classes, and it would seem odd to exclude them from having gender on the basis of a definition that arbitrarily stops at 20. I agree that this would seem odd, but I need to point out that
<b class="">it wouldn't matter</b>. Comparative concepts are not designed to give the same results in all cases that seem similar enough to us (or some of us), but
<b class="">to allow rigorous, intersubjective cross-linguistic comparison</b>. Comparative concepts must sometimes be arbitrary, because the world consists of many continuities, and if we still want to discuss differences with words, we need to make arbitrary
cuts (think of the importance of SMEs in economics – small and medium-size enterprises, defined arbitrarily as having fewer than 250 employees).<br class="">
<br class="">
Maybe it will turn out that some other, less arbitrary concept will give even better cross-linguistic generalizations. But for the time being, we have the term "gender" as a comparative concept (especially in legacy works such as Corbett's WALS maps), and my
definition ("A <b class="">gender system</b> (= a system of gender markers) is a system of genifiers which includes no more than 20 genifiers and which is not restricted to numeral modifiers") seems to be the only definitional proposal currently available.<br class="">
<br class="">
Best wishes,<br class="">
Martin<br class="">
<br class="">
</div>
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<div style="orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: auto; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
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— </div>
<div style="orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: auto; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
Greville G. Corbett<br class="">
<br class="">
Surrey Morphology Group<br class="">
English (I1)<br class="">
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences<br class="">
University of Surrey<br class="">
Guildford <br class="">
Surrey, GU2 7XH <br class="">
Great Britain
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or direct from Cambridge University Press at: <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/features" class="">www.cambridge.org/9781107661080<br class="">
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<div class=""><i class="">Canonical Morphology and Syntax.</i> Also available through all good bookshops, or direct from Oxford University Press at: <a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199604326.do" class="">http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199604326.do</a></div>
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