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<p class="MsoNormal">Let me try to bring the discussion a bit closer to earth by describing three instances of what are superficially disjunctive definitions of comparative concepts that I use in my WALS chapters.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1. I have a chapter on adnominal demonstratives and I use a disjunctive definition: they must be used either (1) with a “distance contrast” involving at least proximity to the speaker versus some lack of proximity to the speaker; or (2)
in situations where they are directing the hearer to something in the shared perceptual space (exophoric usage). There are instances of words I treat as demonstratives which have only the first property and also instances of words I treat as demonstratives
which have only the second property. However, in the vast majority of languages, there are words that possess both properties. I take this to be a case where Martin’s notion of high correlation applies, making this an acceptable instance of a disjunctive definition.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2. I have a chapter on affixes indicating tense or aspect. That is, at least superficially,
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">disjunctive. It is not obvious to me that tense and aspect correlate strongly. But this is where David’s higher abstraction comes into play. There is intuitively something that tense and aspect share; as a first approximation, both involve
temporal properties of the predication.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3. I have a chapter on markers of definiteness, though I define this broadly to include morphemes that are restricted to previous reference as well as markers of specificity. Again this is superficially disjunctive. But I argue in Dryer
(2014) that they share a higher abstraction in that all are associated with one end of a referentiality hierarchy.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Matthew<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Wednesday, November 15, 2017 at 4:10 PM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [Lingtyp] wordhood<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>In response to Bill's ...</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>On 14/11/2017 23:37, William Croft wrote:</div>
<blockquote id="MAC_OUTLOOK_ATTRIBUTION_BLOCKQUOTE" style="BORDER-LEFT: #b5c4df 5 solid; PADDING:0 0 0 5; MARGIN:0 0 0 5;">
<div>A definition “variably interpreted in each language” is a disjunctive </div>
<div>definition. If I use fact A to define ‘word’ in Language X, fact B to </div>
<div>define ‘word’ in Language Y, and fact C to define ‘word’ in Language </div>
<div>Z, then ‘word’ is defined as “defined by either A or B or C”. Or else </div>
<div>‘word’ means something different in Languages X, Y and Z, i.e. it is a </div>
<div>language-specific concept, and the fact that it’s called ‘word’ in </div>
<div>each language is just a coincidence.</div>
</blockquote>
<div>Sorry, but I just don't get this. If language X has a significant </div>
<div>pattern involving, say, vowel harmony and some idiosyncratic rule </div>
<div>preoralizing final nasals, language Y has a structurally somewhat </div>
<div>different pattern involving tone sandhi and progressive ATR </div>
<div>assimilation, while language Z makes use of patterns of stress and vowel </div>
<div>reduction to define particular phonological domains, then they're </div>
<div>obviously as different from each other as we all know languages to be. </div>
<div>So yes, if John describes X as having an X-Word, Mary describes Y as </div>
<div>having a Y-Word, and Bill describes Z as having a Z-Word, then these are </div>
<div>indeed three language-specific and (in one sense of the word) </div>
<div>incommensurate notions.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>And sure, defining a would-be comparative concept of word disjunctively, </div>
<div>as X-Word OR Y-Word OR Z-Word OR ... would be unrevealing and rather </div>
<div>pointless. (I was going to say "uninteresting", but that sounded too </div>
<div>Chomskyan.) However, and here's the rub, there is no principled reason </div>
<div>why it should not be possible to take John, Mary and Bill's descriptions </div>
<div>of X, Y and Z and abstract away from them a shared formal property which </div>
<div>we then might choose to refer to as a comparative concept of word. Yes, </div>
<div>the comparative concept of word would be "variably interpreted in each </div>
<div>language", but no, the definition of the comparative concept would not </div>
<div>involve disjunctions; it would simply obtain at a higher level of </div>
<div>abstraction than the language-specific phenomena that formed the basis </div>
<div>for the original three language-specific descriptions. (Such </div>
<div>abstractions are the bread and butter of our work as typologists, just </div>
<div>stop and think for a moment how many cycles of abstraction are involved </div>
<div>in a comparative concept such as "passive".) And crucially, it need not </div>
<div>necessarily involve the kind of "clustering" that Martin was taking about.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This is what I am trying to do with my proposed definition of </div>
<div>comparative-concept word. Granted, the proof of the pudding is in the </div>
<div>eating ... and I'm still a bit of a way from getting my definition to </div>
<div>work, by which I mean being both implementable and interesting. But my </div>
<div>point here and now is not to defend my (or any other) definition of </div>
<div>word, but merely to argue that there is nothing incoherent in the </div>
<div>attempt to define a comparative concept of word — even for those of us </div>
<div>(myself included) who share a radically relativist view of linguistic </div>
<div>typology.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>David</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>-- </div>
<div>David Gil</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</div>
<div>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</div>
<div>Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></div>
<div>Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</div>
<div>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</div>
<div><br>
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