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Yes, ideally linguists should always say clearly what they mean, but
one could also argue that simple well-known terms such as "affix"
(or "genitive", or "perfect", or "ditransitive", etc.) should have a
clear default meaning, so that if one has no particular reason to
deviate from the default, one can simply use the term without
further explanation, and still be widely understood.<br>
<br>
Fortunately, many or most terms in morphosyntax already work like
this, and it's only a minority that create problems. I feel that the
IPA is a useful analogy here: While most of the letters of the Latin
alphabet are clear, some create problems, and the IPA was quite
successful in solving these problems.<br>
<br>
In this blogpost, I say a bit more about this:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1000">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1000</a>.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 05.12.17 03:48, Dryer, Matthew
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:D64C454D.59148%25dryer@buffalo.edu"
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<p class="MsoNormal">Now that the Lingtyp list has been quiet
for a while on the discussion of words, I want to comment on
the following statement of Martin’s.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">Linguists are also free to use
terms in whatever way they want, but if we want to talk TO
each other (not only PAST each other), we need to agree what
key terms mean – and for me, this includes "retrodefining"
terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I disagree with Martin that this is an
effective way to get linguists to stop talking past each
other. There are thousands of perfectly reasonable comparative
concepts and it is completely impractical to invent a new
label for each one. For any familiar notion like affix, there
are dozens of perfectly reasonable comparative concepts,
varying depending on one’s interests and the type of research
one is engaged in. For my research that involves coding
languages according to grammatical descriptions, I am
primarily interested in comparative concepts that can be
defined in terms of things one can identify in grammars. Thus
Martin’s notion of bound is not a useful comparative concept
for my research, since very little information is available in
grammars on what words can occur in isolation. I emphasize
that this is not criticism of his notion of bound, just that
it is not useful for my research. For others, it might be very
useful. While Martin may object to disjunctive comparative
concepts, it is clear that there are many typologists who have
no problem with them and we have to accept the diversity of
questions linguists ask and the diversity of ways different
linguists view linguistic phenomena. It makes no sense to talk
about agreeing what key terms mean. The best way to avoid
talking past each other is to recognize that it is always the
case that different linguists will use terms in different
ways.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What I propose as a more effective way to
get linguists to stop talking past each other is to demand
that linguists be clear how they are using particular terms,
whether it is by citing operational criteria for their use or
citing someone else’s use (like “affix in the sense of
Haspelmath (2018)”).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Compare Martin’s approach to mine in the
context of some young scholar using the term ‘affix’ in a
paper. Under Martin’s approach, we have no way of knowing
whether the young scholar is using the term in the “agreed
upon” sense. Under my approach, if they use the term without
explaining what they mean, that is a red flag that it is not
clear what they mean.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Martin’s claim might make sense if we were
talking about crosslinguistic categories. But since there is
no set of natural kinds that comparative concepts correspond
to, there is no reason to expect different linguists to use
the same comparative concepts. None of us can expect other
linguists to use the same labels that we use. But we should
expect other linguists to be clear just how they are using
particular labels.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Matthew<o:p></o:p></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Martin Haspelmath <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Saturday,
November 18, 2017 at 3:51 PM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"
<<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [Lingtyp]
wordhood: bonded vs. bound<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">Sorry, I meant "some key
terms".<br>
<br>
Linguists are also free to use terms in whatever way they
want, but if we want to talk TO each other (not only PAST
each other), we need to agree what key terms mean – and for
me, this includes "retrodefining" terms. So when evaluating
a claim of the past (e.g. Blake's (1994: 157) claim that
there is an "inflectional case hierarchy" <span
style="font-variant-caps: small-caps;" class="">
as follows: nominative > accusative/ergative >
genitive > dative > locative > instrumental</span>),
I try to find definitions that are as close as possible to
what the earlier author might have meant.<br>
<br>
Matthew's new notion of "phonologically weak" form is
perfectly fine as a comparative concept, but it's better to
use a new term for it, such as "phonofix" (because a large
proportion of the forms that are written as
ortho-affixes/orthofixes are not phonologically weak). <br>
<br>
My new definition of "affix" is a retrodefinition – but I
haven't been able to find a retrodefinition of "word" yet,
unfortunately.<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><br>
</div>
</div>
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<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
IPF 141199
Nikolaistrasse 6-10
D-04109 Leipzig
</pre>
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