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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Björn,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think one could say in Japanese:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“<span style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:KO">W</span>atash<span style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:KO">i-ga saisen-sareru beki-da”-to Torampu-wa omo-tteiru<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">“1SG-NOM reelect-PASSIVE should-COMP”-CITATION Trump-THEME think-PROG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">“I should be elected again,” thinks Trump.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">I think this could be counted as a parentheticalized comment. There’s a phonetic pause between the cited phrase and -<i>to.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Ian Joo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Wiemer, Bjoern <wiemerb@uni-mainz.de><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 7, 2018 5:07:06 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Quotations of speech vs. quotations of thoughts</font>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I think (!) part of this more elaborate argument concerning „think“ as referring to speech events should be that in Ian’s Trump-example
below „thinks“ occurs as an ordinary complement-taking predicate, while quotatives are not CTPs, but syntactically disintegrated (often parentheticalized) comments. That is, they are not part of the constituent structure. Thus, I think (= would say…) that
counterevidence to the claim that „think“ does not mark „speech events“ (as kind of „secondary quotative“) should be supplied from such parentheticalized or otherwise syntactically disintegrated usage (however conventionalized or not) and not from „ordinary“
matrix predicate constructions. Something that would look like<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">(1)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> ?
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">I should be elected again, he thinks</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">(2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">? I should be elected again-QUOT (< „think“)</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Does SUCH counterevidence exist? I’d be curious as well…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Björn (Wiemer).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Von:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org]
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>Spronck, Stef<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Samstag, 6. Januar 2018 21:35<br>
<b>An:</b> JOO Ian <il.y.en.a@outlook.com>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Quotations of speech vs. quotations of thoughts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Dear Ian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Even if your example would be based on a conversation with Mr Trump, I'd still say it's a claim about his cognitive state, not about a speech event. But thank you for the example, it does make clear
that my remark about using 'think' for 'say' requires a more elaborate argument.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">As many of you will be aware, reported speech constructions can have a broad range of secondary interpretations, of which 'think' seems to be the most common, but meanings such as 'want', 'try',
'begin to' etc. are also found in unrelated languages across the world. I have compiled a collection of observations and references about this phenomenon, please contact me off-list if you'd like me to share it with you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Stef<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of JOO Ian <<a href="mailto:il.y.en.a@outlook.com">il.y.en.a@outlook.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, 6 January 2018 9:23:26 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Quotations of speech vs. quotations of thoughts</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Dear Stef,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Your thought that "explicitly marked reported thought (e.g. with a matrix verb commonly meaning 'think') is not interpreted as reported
speech" is interesting, but wouldn't it be possible, on pragmatic grounds, for a verb meaning 'to think' to refer to an actual utterance? For example:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">"Donald Trump thinks that he should be elected again."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">could refer to Trump's actual utterance "I should be elected again".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">But I'm not sure if this is a valid counterexample, I would like to know what others think.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Ian Joo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fianjoo.academia.edu&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cebf8bbc74d014fd5865208d555ae3aef%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636509129159717402&sdata=yTd44jKkNIPzA0SY7vklCS2YIb%2FtLrPTwmJxSVhkpy8%3D&reserved=0">http://ianjoo.academia.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Spronck, Stef <<a href="mailto:stef.spronck@helsinki.fi">stef.spronck@helsinki.fi</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 7, 2018 2:49:16 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Denys T.<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Quotations of speech vs. quotations of thoughts</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Hi Denys,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">At the risk of simply restating the two previous responses: I think that given the polyfunctionality and high frequency of quotative indexes not derived from verbs of speech crosslinguistically (as
Ekkehard points out), we should be careful to gloss a quotative index as 'say', rather than give it a more generic gloss, unless there is construction-independent evidence for a 'say' meaning of the lexeme (a point Bill McGregor also makes in a recent book
chapter about quotative indexes in several Australian Aboriginal languages: McGregor, W. B. In: Robering, K. (Ed.) The 'say, do' verb in Nyulnyul, Warrwa, and other Nyulnylan languages is monosemic Events, Arguments and Aspects: Topics in the Semantics of
Verbs, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2014, 301-327 (would be happy to send you a scanned copy off-list)).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">That said (!), all descriptions about the polyfunctionality of reported speech constructions/quotative indexes I have seen replicate David's observation about colloquial Indonesian: reported speech
constructions may also be interpreted as reported thought, but explicitly marked reported thought (e.g. with a matrix verb commonly meaning 'think') is not interpreted as reported speech. If anyone has a counterexample to this observation I would be very interested!
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Stef<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Stef Spronck<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Postdoctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki (HU Humanities Programme)</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of "Ekkehard König" <<a href="mailto:koenig@zedat.fu-berlin.de">koenig@zedat.fu-berlin.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, 6 January 2018 7:27:11 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Denys T.<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Quotations of speech vs. quotations of thoughts</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Dear Denys,<br>
<br>
even if this is not exactly the information you were hoping to get, it may<br>
still be of interest to you:<br>
<br>
- in a wide variety of Indo-European languages quotative markers derive<br>
from deomonstratives of manner, typically from the exophoric use (German<br>
so; French ainsi, etc.) in combination with verbs of saying or without.<br>
(cf. pp. 159 of the article attached)<br>
<br>
(i)"Bla, bla bla", so die Kanzlerin,...<br>
<br>
- as is shown in Güldemann (2008) - also quoted in my article - in many<br>
African languages manner demonstratives and non-deictic expressions of<br>
manner provide the main source of quotative markers and in many cases such<br>
expressions of manner have been reanalysed as verbs of saying [rather than<br>
the other way round].<br>
<br>
- similar sources of quotative markers can be observed in languages from<br>
other areas, e.g. in Japanese.<br>
<br>
Another example from my own language comes to mind: like Dutch (betekenis<br>
- bedoeling), but in contrast to English, German draws a distinction<br>
between sentence/word meaning (bedeuten) and speaker/utterance meaning<br>
(meinen). The latter verb can be used for both saying and thinking, at<br>
least in certain contexts (Karl meinte....'Karl thought/said').<br>
<br>
Best wishes,<br>
<br>
Ekkehard<br>
<br>
-<br>
<br>
> Dear colleagues (especially those working with quotative markers and<br>
> reported speech),<br>
><br>
> in Erzya (Mordvinic, Uralic), the verb merìems with the primary meaning<br>
> ‘say’ is also used to quote thoughts:<br>
><br>
> (1) Mon merìinì, ton Saransat.<br>
> 1sg say.pst.1sg 2sg Saransk.ine.prs.2sg<br>
> ‘I thought (lit. I said), you are in Saransk’ (Aasmäe 2012: 66).<br>
><br>
> However, out of context, the QI-clause Mon merìinì would likely be<br>
> interpreted as ‘I said’ and instead of quotation of thoughts one will get<br>
> the quotation of speech. It is, of course, not a unique thing that one<br>
> quotative index (clause) can be used to mark different types of reported<br>
> discourse. I am wondering whether there is cross-linguistic evidence,<br>
> pointing that the reading ‘I/you/X said’ is prior to the reading ‘I/you/X<br>
> thought’ in such cases? For instance, notorious I was like to be<br>
> interpreted out of context as 'I said' rather than 'I thought'? Or that<br>
> speech verbs are frequently used to mark mental processes, but not vice<br>
> versa? Is there any hierarchy in the reading of quotations? Are there any<br>
> studies that would show that one would be prior to another? Is it even<br>
> reasonable to expect to find something like this? Any suggestions, hints,<br>
> (language-specific) examples are more than welcome!<br>
><br>
> Cheers!<br>
><br>
> Have a nice evening!<br>
><br>
> Best wishes from Tartu,<br>
> Denys Teptiuk_______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
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><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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