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Dear Jussi,<br>
<br>
some parallels to the kind of debonding you mention can be found
with certain originally inflectional suffixes in West Iranian, in
particular verbal agreement suffixes, and the so-called Oblique case
(singular) suffix. Basically what happens is that these suffixes may
be displaced from their stems by various other elements (e.g.
pronominal clitics), suggesting a weakening of the historical
inflectional bond between stem and affix. The singular case suffix
also turns up on items with which it was previously not associated,
e.g. plural nouns, and personal pronouns, suggesting an extension to
hosts of categories that were previously not available.<br>
<br>
Note however that these erstwhile inflectional affixes do not become
independent words (unlike the Saami examples you mention), and
interestingly, the suffixes concerned are monosyllabic. <br>
It's just that they appear less morphologically integrated into
their stem than they were, hence are subject to re-ordering, and
extension of host category.<br>
<br>
The facts are fairly complicated (and somewhat controversial), if
you're interested I can send you a couple of papers where they are
discussed,<br>
<br>
best wishes<br>
Geoff<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 12.01.2018 19:34, schrieb Jussi
Ylikoski:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
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<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
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serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Dear colleagues,</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I would like to hear about possible
typological parallels to a little-studied morphological
(diachronic) feature in North Saami.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I apologize for the lengthy introduction:</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Many of you may have heard about probably the
best known grammatical morpheme in North Saami,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">haga</i> 'without',
a former abessive case suffix (-<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">haga</i>) that has
degrammaticalized into a postposition and ultimately a
free adverb and a preposition. North Saami has a quite
fusional inflectional morphology, and derivational
morphology is quite fusional as well. However, there are
also a number of disyllabic suffixes that are by
definition much less fusional, and I have proposed that
one of the reasons for degrammaticalization – or at least
a morphological feature of debonding – may lie in the fact
that in a fusional language like North Saami, non-fusional
morphemes like -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">haga</i> are prone to be perceived as words
(such as disyllabic adpositions) rather than as (otherwise
maximally monosyllabic) case markers.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">What is interesting here is that I am aware
of as many as about a dozen other disyllabic suffixes that
are occasionally experiencing partly similar debonding in
North Saami. Apologizing for a little self-promotion, I am
referring to my recent paper on
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">haga</i> and a
partly similar instance of degrammaticalization, and quote
myself as follows:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">It may be added that in North Saami there
are a number of similar but considerably less
degrammaticalized morphemes that may occasionally
undergo debonding, namely conjunction reduction à la <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
vuoiddas- ja ostonagaid</i> ‘stains of grease and
willow bark’ (30) and <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
varra- ja guomonaga</i> ‘stained with blood and chyme’
(33). Such morphemes have been discussed in Ylikoski
(2009: 116–128, 200–201) where it is conjectured that
such phenomena could in principle be regarded as
tentative symptoms of a wholesale “degrammaticalization
drift” in North Saami; a situation in which somewhat
atypical disyllabic suffixes seem to represent an
intermediate stage on the way to a more clitic-like
status for many of the present-day suffixes. Examples
mentioned in Ylikoski (2009) include, among others, the
verb forms <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">hála-
ja čále-dettiin</i> [speak and write-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">cvb.sim</span>] ‘when
speaking and writing’ and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">bora- ja
juga-keahttá</i> [eat and drink-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">cvb.neg</span>]
‘without eating and drinking’ instead of ordinary
converbs
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">háladettiin ja čáledettiin</i> and <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
borakeahttá ja jugakeahttá</i> id., nouns like <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
nuorra-ja olmmái-vuohta</i> [young and man-hood]
‘youth and manhood’ instead of nuorravuohta ja
olmmáivuohta and adjectives like
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">áhče- ja eatne-heapme</i> [father- and
mother-less] ‘fatherless and motherless’ instead of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">áhčeheapme ja
eatneheapme</i>. In a way, situations in which such
morphemes stand out as quite atypical for affixes are
reminiscent of Norde’s (2001; 2009: 206–207) thoughts on
deflexion as impetus to degrammaticalization of
morphemes like English and Scandinavian <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
s</i>-genitive and Irish <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">muid</i> ‘we’.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;
font-family: "Tahoma", sans-serif;"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"></span>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ylikoski,
Jussi. 2016. “Degrammaticalization in North Saami:
Development of adpositions, adverbs and a free lexical
noun from inflectional and derivational suffixes. </span><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">Finnisch-Ugrische
Mitteilungen</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt;">
40: 113–173. Available at
</span><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Ejylikosk/filer/fum40_ylikoski.pdf"
style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration:
underline;" id="LPlnk81304" previewremoved="true"><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">http://cc.oulu.fi/~jylikosk/filer/fum40_ylikoski.pdf</span></a></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I wish to emphasize that most if not all the
inflectional and derivational suffixes I am referring to
go back to ancient Proto-Saami or even Proto-Uralic
suffixes. For example, unlike English -<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">less</i> in
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">"father- and
motherless"</i>, the suffix -<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">heapme</i> in
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">áhče- ja
eatne-heapme</i> [father- and mother-less] is regarded
as having an age-long past as a suffix only. In other
words, from a comparative Uralicist perspective, the above
examples are about as strange as "speak- and writing",
"eat- and drinking" or "grammati- and
degrammaticalization" in English.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">My question:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> I wonder if there are many languages that
behave like North Saami in this respect? More precisely, I
would be especially interested in languages that have
experienced a similar "wholesale degrammaticalization
drift" or "debonding drift" in the sense that there are
many individual (originally) bound morphemes that have
turned out to be not necessarily that bound after all.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Best regards,</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Jussi Ylikoski</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman",
serif;">
<span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Ejylikosk/" style="color:
rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"
id="LPlnk812348" previewremoved="true">http://cc.oulu.fi/~jylikosk/</a></span></p>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Prof. Dr. Geoffrey Haig
Lehrstuhl Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
Universität Bamberg
96045 Bamberg
Tel. ++49 (0)951 863 2490
Admin. ++49 (0)951 863 2491</pre>
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