<div>Dear colleagues,<br />thank you all for your insightful comments and suggestions (and many thanks to Marianne Mithun and Martin Haspelmath for their clarifications). Indeed, I failed to be very precise what I meant under this 'raising' term. But fortunately you managed to provide some interesting examples and papers on related issues!<br />Best wishes,<br />Lesha Vinyar<br />Higher School of Economics, Moscow</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>04.02.2018, 19:09, "Randy J. LaPolla" <randy.lapolla@gmail.com>:</div><blockquote type="cite"><div>Dear Lesha,<div>Martin and David’s posts open things up a bit, and made me think of another approach to a phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese:</div><div><br /></div><div>I have argued that Mandarin has pragmatically determined word order, i.e. the word order is determined simply by what is topic and what is not, with non-topical elements occurring after the verb, and the speaker has choices in terms of what appears as topical or not (there may be three or possibly more topics in a single clause), e.g.</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Wǒ (de) dùzi è le. [1sg (ASSOC) belly hungry ASP] ‘I am/was hungry’, lit ‘My belly is/was hungry’, where [1sg (ASSOC) belly] is a single topic.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. (similar to David’s example, with two topics): Wǒ dùzi è le. [1sg belly hungry ASP] ‘I am/was hungry’, lit. ‘I belly hungry’, where ‘belly’ is not a subject, but a secondary topic in a [Topic-[Topic-comment]<font size="1">Comment</font>] structure. I do not consider this “possessor ascension” (though talked about it like that in a 1995 paper, I think), just a choice of what is made the primary topic, in this case the possessor of the belly.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. (where ‘belly’ is also separated from the possessor, but not made a secondary topic, but made part of the focus) Wǒ è le dùzi. [1sg hungry ASP belly] ‘I was hungry’, lit, ‘I hungry belly’.</div><div><br /></div><div>I have discussed this as purely a difference in choice of information structure pattern, determined in some cases by the desire to keep the same topic throughout a stretch of discourse, but in the last type, by choosing to put what might be a topic instead in the focus, the resulting phrase is then seen as an event rather than a topic-comment structure (see the natural example given on p. 278 of LaPolla & Poa 2006: Wáng Miǎn . . . sǐ le fùqin [Wang Mian . .. die ASP father] ‘Wang Mian’s father died’, but with Wang Mian as topic and the father in the focus, making it something like ‘Wang Mian experienced the dying of his father’). This type is also used more generally for events, even in non-possessor situations, e.g. for meteorological events, xià yǔ le [fall rain ASP] ‘It is/was raining’, and many common everyday events, e.g. Lai che le. [come car ASP] ‘A car is coming’ (contrasting with Che lai le [car come ASP] ‘The car is here’).</div><div><br /></div><div>If you are still with me, the reason I mention all of this is that the putting of what otherwise might be a topic into the focus might be seen as a type of pragmatic or even structural incorporation, much like I argued for the pragmatic incorporation of instruments in some verb phrases in LaPolla 1995, e.g. qiāng-bì [gun-kill] ‘kill with a gun/shoot to death’.</div><div><br /></div><div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt;text-align:justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">LaPolla, Randy J. 1995.
Pragmatic relations and word order in Chinese. In Pamela Downing & Michael
Noonan (eds.), <i>Word order in discourse</i>,
297-329. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins Pub. Co. (A Chinese
translation of this paper by Zhan Weidong of Peking University was published in
<i>Yuyanxue Luncong 30 (Papers in
Linguistics 30), </i>pp.<i> </i>334-368.
Beijing: Shangwu Yinshu Guan, 2004)<i>.</i></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.randylapolla.net/Papers/LaPolla_1995_Pragmatic_Relations_and_Word_Order_in_Chinese.pdf"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">www.randylapolla.net/Papers/LaPolla_1995_Pragmatic_Relations_and_Word_Order_in_Chinese.pdf</span></a></span> </div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt;text-align:justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt;text-align:justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">LaPolla, Randy J. &
Dory Poa. 2006. On describing word order. <i>Catching
Language: The Standing Challenge of Grammar Writing, </i>ed. by Felix Ameka,
Alan Dench, & Nicholas Evans, 269-295. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</span></div>
<div><a href="http://www.randylapolla.net/Papers/LaPolla_and_Poa_2006_On_Describing_Word_Order.pdf" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">www.randylapolla.net/Papers/LaPolla_and_Poa_2006_On_Describing_Word_Order.pdf</span></a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Hope this helps.</div><div><br /></div><div>Randy</div><div><div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:start;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><div style="text-align:start;"><div style="text-align:start;"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;">-----</span></span><div><span style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px;"><div><span style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px;"><span style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px;"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;"><b>Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> (羅</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;font-size:13px;"><font face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;">)</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;">Professor of Linguistics and Chinese, School of Humanities </span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.3333px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);"><span style="background-color:white;">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.3333px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-align:-webkit-auto;">| </span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);"><span style="background-color:white;">Singapore 637332</span></span></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="text-align:-webkit-auto;background-color:white;color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);text-transform:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);"><span style="background-color:white;">Most recent book:</span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color:white;"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div></span></span></div></span></div></div><br /></div></div></div></div><br />
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<div><br /><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 4 Feb 2018, at 6:30 PM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br /><div>
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
Martin's latest message is helpful in clarifying the question. And
if I may add my two cents worth ...<br />
<br />
On 04/02/2018 19:06, Martin Haspelmath wrote:<br />
<span lang="EN-US"></span>
<blockquote cite="mid:5A76DB2F.2090105@shh.mpg.de" type="cite"><p><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">I head-ache.</span> </p><p><span lang="EN-US">You feet-washed me.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Father knife-sharpened the
neighbor. (Alexey (“Lesha”) Vinyar’s Chukchi example)</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Now Alexey Vinyar’s
question is whether one gets this sort of pattern also with
pseudo-incorporation (PNI), where the possessed noun is still
strictly adjacent, but a complete noun phrase can occur in
this position (not just a noun stem). So this would be
something like </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">You [@dirty feet]-washed
me.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Father sharpened-[@dull
knife] the neighbor.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">I don’t know of any cases,
but I’m not sure whether PNI is a particularly useful notion
to begin with. As seen nicely in Borik & Gehrke’s (2015)
book, there are a wide range of related constructions with
some family resemblances but apparently little overall
coherence.</span></p>
</blockquote>
Well in colloquial Malay/Indonesian, you can easily get structures
such as<br />
<br />
Aku jari kelingking sebelah kiri sakit<br />
I [ [ finger pinky side left ] ache ]<br />
<br />
and such structures are very common in western Indonesia and
Mainland Southeast Asia. The typical way of looking at them is as
instances of<br />
<br />
TOPIC [ SUBJECT PREDICATE ]<br />
<br />
where the relationship of possession is just one possible outcome of
a broader topic/comment relationship. Of course, in the cases that
I am most familiar with, at least, there's no evidence that the
SUBJECT (be it simple or complex) cliticizes to the predicate. But
Martin, at least, would surely share my reluctance to define a
construction type based on as elusive a property as wordhood.<br />
<br />
I suspect, however, that constructions such as the above are not
exactly what Alexey is looking for, which may be considered as
reinforcing Borik and Gehrke's point cited above by Martin. <br />
<br />
David<br />
<br />
<br />
<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): <span>+49-3641686834</span>
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): <span>+62-81281162816</span>
</pre>
</div>
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