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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dear
Jeff:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Some
thoughts on your post.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The
chapters in WALS are necessarily very brief, so often it will be
necessary to
look at other literature.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">As
many people have noted, including me back in an early
publication on
European-type relative clauses (Comrie 1998: 79), the
European-type relative
clause has recently (e.g. through colonialism) spread through
contact to
languages outside Europe. These are of course not independent
instances of the
development of this kind of relative clause.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">I
went into somewhat more detail on possible independent
candidates for
European-type relative clauses in Comrie (2006). If you compare
this article
with WALS, please note that the publication details are
misleading; some points
discussed in the 2006 article that came up during preparatory
work on WALS did
not find their way into the final version of WALS.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Regarding
your specific question on Acoma: I'll need to check, as I don't
have the
relevant data immediately to hand.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bernard</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">References</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Comrie,
B. 1998. </span>Rethinking the typology of relative clauses. <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Language Design</i> 1: 59-86.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Comrie, B. 2006. Syntactic typology: just how
exotic ARE
European-type relative clauses? In Ricardo Mairal and Juana Gil
(eds.): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Linguistic
Universals</i>, 130-154.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2018/3/18 17:26, Jeff Siegel wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="EN-AU">Greetings:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In the
description of relativization in WALS (features 122A and
123A), the relative pronoun strategy is shown to stand out
“as
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">being typically European
since it is not found in Indo-European languages spoken
outside Europe, and is exceptional more generally outside
Europe” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013). This strategy is defined
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt">[T]he position relativized is
indicated inside the relative clause by means of a
clause-initial pronominal element, and this pronominal
element is case-marked (by case or by an adposition) to
indicate the role of the head noun within the relative
clause.” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The only
language outside the European area shown to use this
strategy is Acoma, Keresan language of New Mexico.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Could anyone
lead me to examples of the relative pronoun strategy used in
other languages outside Europe? Also, could anyone provide
such examples from Acoma or related languages? (I can’t seem
to find any in the descriptions of Keresan languages that I
have examined.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Reference:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Bernard
Comrie, Tania Kuteva. 2013. Relativization on Subjects. In:
Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
<i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.</i> Leipzig:
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <br>
(Available online at <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wals.info/chapter/122">http://wals.info/chapter/122</a>, Accessed
on 2018-03-19.) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Many thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Jeff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:dotted
windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0cm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Emeritus
Professor Jeff Siegel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Linguistics,
School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">University
of New England<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Armidale,
NSW 2351<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
href="https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Bernard Comrie
Distinguished Faculty Professor of Linguistics, University of California Santa Barbara
E-mail: comrie at linguistics.ucsb.edu
Web site: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie</a>
Department of Linguistics
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3100
USA
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