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<p class="MsoNormal">Jeff,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Actually, the discussion, especially your comments and Bernard’s, show the opposite of what you say. My point was not that these items in Koyra Chiini and Coast Tsimshian are relative pronouns. I shared these two cases in response to Jeff
Siegel’s request, not because I was claiming that these were relative pronouns, but because these were two phenomena that certainly bore some resemblance to relative pronouns in European languages but that it was up to Jeff Siegel to decide whether they counted
as relevant to what he was asking. I have the references with page numbers so that anybody interested could look at these two cases in detail. Both your and Bernard’s responses help clarify what some of the further dimensions are that provide for a finer typology,
making clear the ways in which these words are somewhat like, but somewhat unlike, relative pronouns in European languages.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As I mentioned in an earlier contribution to this discussion, there are many language in which relative clauses are marked by words that are more obviously pronominal than either the Koyra Chiini and Coast Tsimshian cases, in varying for
gender and/or number, but lacking any indication of the role of the head inside the relative clause. All of this points to a more fine-grained typology.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Matthew<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Heath Jeffrey <<a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Monday, March 26, 2018 at 5:16 PM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>>, "<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Relativization<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">I'm afraid that the discussion of Koyra Chiini relatives confirms my doubts about the value of crosslinguistic coding into a handful of values for each feature.</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Yes, Koyra Chiini has a relative-clause initial morpheme (KCh
<i>kaa</i>) that gaps the coindexed NP ("headNP [Rel…[gap]…") and usually attracts postpositions and if so gaps the PP ("headNP [Rel-Postp…[gap]…"). However, resumptive PPs are also possible ("headN [Rel…[3Sg/3Pl Postp]…]"). Non-3rd person heads (unlike 3rd
persons) are optionally resumed even in subject position: ("you(headNP) [Rel you…]" meaning 'you who…'). The only
<u>pre</u>position, instrumental-comitative <i>nda</i>, cannot precede the relative morpheme (# headNP [[<i>nda</i> Rel]…]]), instead it remains in place with a resumptive pronoun, or it encliticizes to the Rel morpheme in the fashion of English
<i>where-to/of/upon</i>… . </p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">The major question is whether the KCh Rel morpheme is a "pronoun" as opposed to an invariant '<span style="font-size: 12pt;">that/when…'</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">complementizer
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">or a pluralizable </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">relative noun. In Koyra Chiini,
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">kaa</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> can be either a relative morpheme with the limited (pro-)nominal features mentioned above, or a 'that/when…' complementizer, and some textual occurrences can be read (or at least translated)
either way</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. In other Songhay languages, the corresponding morpheme can function as either a 'that/when…' complementizer or a nominal relative morpheme</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. In the latter function, it optionally
takes the</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> nominal </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">plural suffix, e.g. Koyraboro Senni
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">kaŋ</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> with optional indefinite plural
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">kaŋ-yaŋ</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Since a head NP (with obligatory number marking) is normally present, the option to (redundantly) pluralize the relative morpheme is only occasionally implemented, but KS </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">kaŋ</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is
clearly noun-like rather than pronoun-like. As in KCh it can also be an invariant 'that/when' complementizer. Songhay languages vary as to whether a coindexed clause-internal nonsubject NP is realized as a gap, as a pronoun with full person/number marking,
or as an invariant "3Sg" pronominal. </span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As a grammarian I regularly wince at typological codings, even if packaged as humble "comparative concepts," and I question the value of world-wide typological distributions based on them.
By the way, the situation is worse with "internally-headed relatives."</span></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Martin Haspelmath
<<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, March 26, 2018 9:56:54 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Relativization</font>
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<div style="background-color:#FFFFFF">I wouldn't say that the Koyra Chiini form is "arguably" a relative pronoun, because it's a question of definition, not of argumentation. (People sometimes say that they "disagree" with terminological choices, but I think
the verbs "adopt" or "reject" are better suited when it comes to talking about other people's terminological choices.)<br>
<br>
As Matthew noted earlier, in the WALS chapter by Comrie & Kuteva, the "relative pronoun strategy" is clearly defined as one involving an element that can be flagged for its syntactic role (" a clause-initial pronominal element [which] is case-marked (by case
or by an adposition) to indicate the role of the head noun within the relative clause",
<a class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F122&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970504650&sdata=nfxhM5cq6o8PawPAbTUj8vKScG3tVMZtb0P%2FX3Q8XRM%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://wals.info/chapter/122" shash="qldL8ID1+ex8u1DppoO5ccMfKJnSOqdknFxfH+eQfWfuMXleuolGScWMZJAdJi0TYmFJv5ZE2rJfnVN6KD2hjrQ0V7hqQ4Nzo8nCuabhwL5kRY53X/Kr6jfp9c8QD4ubPeCzLdHXSUNLfeYWz2nLH+GLEU9+KNUH8WgEGS6mEvo=">
http://wals.info/chapter/122</a>).<br>
<br>
Likewise, in the APiCS chapter by Michaelis et al., <span class="x_c26">"a relative-clause marker is regarded as a relative pronoun if it has different subject and object forms ..., or if it can be combined with an adposition</span>" (<a class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapics-online.info%2Fparameters%2F92.chapter.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970504650&sdata=dqOqRJlsfFb36jC%2BG%2BhS027m81Ciw1%2FWobvpiLxE0XY%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://apics-online.info/parameters/92.chapter.html" shash="Jb+ymqUswrGzpZ1QD28PrsXl07psRNfBPMGeY8oL8cIYseFrnnC1gENlx2Cy9ogkNWUECfXPGZwkTwFRYA+nPSQTKrXN7t79uW0Q3YcZtsGqhcRyWAHeZQuV8/SsLnVyVtRCC3JCUKDZfFDtxS8rHRV3XgnrUL8CXoDOCxe5TlE=">http://apics-online.info/parameters/92.chapter.html</a>).<br>
<br>
Because of these authoritative uses, I would reject (but not argue against) a terminological use (in typology) according to which relative pronouns are said to include relativizers that vary for ("pronominal") features like gender and/or number but do not indicate
syntactic role. (And if there were an "IPA of morphosyntax", as suggested <a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdlc.hypotheses.org%2F1000&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970504650&sdata=vwjM8PkJzdNs05Cq7hi3lI5jMEE9UeKxCn8%2FyAv1U0k%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1000" shash="sk5oKzXmXJpqPNvmgBrxv5EimVpU21czSYLce1QIE5/M8mUtJmeG5IahiA2h01Wg/SnnKnYJGpDpbpz89uhaYo2PrMnbcP6XZlqiyrPLNN+WtAgBO2OcKcSn9pWVH9WGbZVl1XTUmoInc750ab+W1w2UWUNSnrRzXbt/N9rtN28=">
here</a>, it should have the same meaning as in the WALS and APiCS chapters.)<br>
<br>
Thus, from a typological point of view, the relativizers of Koyra Chiini and Coast Tsimshian are clearly relative pronouns.<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="x_moz-cite-prefix">On 26.03.18 15:27, Dryer, Matthew wrote:<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">In Koyra Chiini (Heath 1999: 192), the relative word is arguably a relative pronoun since it can occur with a postposition.</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal">Coast Tsimshian has a construction which could be analysed as involving a relative pronoun in that relative clauses are marked with a word that varies for the grammatical relation of the head in the relative clause,
<i>gu</i> if it is the A,<i> in</i> if it is the S or P (Mulder 1994: 142).</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Heath, Jeffrey. (1999) <i>A grammar of Koyra Chiini: The Songhay of Timbuktu</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Mulder, Jean Gail. (1994) <i>
Ergativity in Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algyax)</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11.0pt">Matthew</span> </div>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Bernard Comrie <<a href="mailto:comrie@linguistics.ucsb.edu">comrie@linguistics.ucsb.edu</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Monday, March 26, 2018 at 3:40 AM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Relativization<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Dear Jeff:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Some thoughts on your post.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">The chapters in WALS are necessarily very brief, so often it will be necessary to look at other literature.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">As many people have noted, including me back in an early publication on European-type relative clauses (Comrie 1998: 79), the European-type relative clause has recently (e.g. through colonialism) spread through
contact to languages outside Europe. These are of course not independent instances of the development of this kind of relative clause.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">I went into somewhat more detail on possible independent candidates for European-type relative clauses in Comrie (2006). If you compare this article with WALS, please note that the publication details are misleading;
some points discussed in the 2006 article that came up during preparatory work on WALS did not find their way into the final version of WALS.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Regarding your specific question on Acoma: I'll need to check, as I don't have the relevant data immediately to hand.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Best,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Bernard</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">References</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="">Comrie, B. 1998. </span>Rethinking the typology of relative clauses.
<i style="">Language Design</i> 1: 59-86.</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal">Comrie, B. 2006. Syntactic typology: just how exotic ARE European-type relative clauses? In Ricardo Mairal and Juana Gil (eds.):
<i style="">Linguistic Universals</i>, 130-154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<span lang="EN-GB" style=""></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<div class="x_moz-cite-prefix">On 2018/3/18 17:26, Jeff Siegel wrote:<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11.0pt">Greetings:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In the description of relativization in WALS (features 122A and 123A), the relative pronoun strategy is shown to stand out “as
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">being typically European since it is not found in Indo-European languages spoken outside Europe, and is exceptional more generally outside Europe” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013). This strategy is defined as follows:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">[T]he position relativized is indicated inside the relative clause by means of a clause-initial pronominal element, and this pronominal element is case-marked (by case
or by an adposition) to indicate the role of the head noun within the relative clause.” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013)</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The only language outside the European area shown to use this strategy is Acoma, Keresan language of New Mexico.
</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Could anyone lead me to examples of the relative pronoun strategy used in other languages outside Europe? Also, could anyone provide such examples from Acoma or related languages? (I can’t seem to find any
in the descriptions of Keresan languages that I have examined.)</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Reference:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Bernard Comrie, Tania Kuteva. 2013. Relativization on Subjects. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
<i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.</i> Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <br>
(Available online at <a class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F122&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970504650&sdata=nfxhM5cq6o8PawPAbTUj8vKScG3tVMZtb0P%2FX3Q8XRM%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://wals.info/chapter/122" shash="qldL8ID1+ex8u1DppoO5ccMfKJnSOqdknFxfH+eQfWfuMXleuolGScWMZJAdJi0TYmFJv5ZE2rJfnVN6KD2hjrQ0V7hqQ4Nzo8nCuabhwL5kRY53X/Kr6jfp9c8QD4ubPeCzLdHXSUNLfeYWz2nLH+GLEU9+KNUH8WgEGS6mEvo=">
http://wals.info/chapter/122</a>, Accessed on 2018-03-19.) </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Many thanks,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Thanks,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Jeff</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Emeritus Professor Jeff Siegel</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Linguistics, School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">University of New England</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Armidale, NSW 2351</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Australia</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.une.edu.au%2Fstaff-profiles%2Fbcss%2Fjsiegel&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970504650&sdata=OEEA1Yuv4vq4QYkJWLKU1RXkccY0L7XZ40dYMV98oiw%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel" shash="Ck7OX34aB2Gh4klfvwFXPXe7IKSnlD2hLzMOvVcyDlG4DtfkQOuLFTtyhQW53D8vIsWa413qOLvof887Udte1Nw7/pVem7lVWWb5tBROM3wiy6z4hwtfJVpRFir7yo6D5SS2qCPbyZ2I6XAVHo2vvAYrIdfvUSCLNK7zTKM14RM=">https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel</a></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></p>
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<pre class="x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
Bernard Comrie
Distinguished Faculty Professor of Linguistics, University of California Santa Barbara
E-mail: comrie at linguistics.ucsb.edu
Web site: <a class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucsb.edu%2Fpeople%2Fbernard-comrie&data=02%7C01%7C%7C40c053f747114afaa68e08d593228d9d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636576698970660902&sdata=7jNAFRlryIH3yyCNxixs%2FSmEBGUA1VYq1sCtuzpuA2o%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie" shash="gqsTp2WsGQFD33/tNYEv4qAHSKneRoYGT7+gTVKT/R/9EDSKF16aQH1iHeB6Xuk+VSzzB152Rpc0e1xlq9Ef9nKJ7Gk/zCpOVBe4pyQRpLenOsPbop2m0zQw8kHe9Sin1rjoXON939vi9Fwv5a2ZaKB+MQu1Gv3+kkOy7Xz44bQ=">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie</a>
Department of Linguistics
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3100
USA
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<pre class="x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
IPF 141199
Nikolaistrasse 6-10
D-04109 Leipzig
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