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<p class="MsoNormal">In Koyra Chiini (Heath 1999: 192), the relative word is arguably a relative pronoun since it can occur with a postposition.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Coast Tsimshian has a construction which could be analysed as involving a relative pronoun in that relative clauses are marked with a word that varies for the grammatical relation of the head in the relative clause,
<i>gu</i> if it is the A,<i> in</i> if it is the S or P (Mulder 1994: 142).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"˚ø\/ì‚";
mso-bidi-font-family:"˚ø\/ì‚"">Heath, Jeffrey. (1999)
<i>A grammar of Koyra Chiini: The Songhay of Timbuktu</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"˚ø\/ì‚";
mso-bidi-font-family:"˚ø\/ì‚"">Mulder, Jean Gail. (1994)
<i>Ergativity in Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algyax)</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Bernard Comrie <<a href="mailto:comrie@linguistics.ucsb.edu">comrie@linguistics.ucsb.edu</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Monday, March 26, 2018 at 3:40 AM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Relativization<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dear Jeff:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Some thoughts on your post.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The chapters in WALS are necessarily very brief, so often it will be necessary to look at
other literature.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">As many people have noted, including me back in an early publication on European-type relative
clauses (Comrie 1998: 79), the European-type relative clause has recently (e.g. through colonialism) spread through contact to languages outside Europe. These are of course not independent instances of the development of this kind of relative clause.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">I went into somewhat more detail on possible independent candidates for European-type relative
clauses in Comrie (2006). If you compare this article with WALS, please note that the publication details are misleading; some points discussed in the 2006 article that came up during preparatory work on WALS did not find their way into the final version of
WALS.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Regarding your specific question on Acoma: I'll need to check, as I don't have the relevant
data immediately to hand.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bernard</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">References</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Comrie, B. 1998.
</span>Rethinking the typology of relative clauses. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
Language Design</i> 1: 59-86.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Comrie, B. 2006. Syntactic typology: just how exotic ARE European-type relative clauses? In Ricardo Mairal and Juana Gil (eds.):
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Linguistic Universals</i>, 130-154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2018/3/18 17:26, Jeff Siegel wrote:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="EN-AU">Greetings:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In the description of relativization in WALS (features 122A and 123A), the relative pronoun strategy is shown to stand out “as
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">being typically European since it is not found in Indo-European languages spoken outside Europe, and is exceptional more generally outside Europe” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013). This strategy is defined as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">[T]he position relativized is indicated inside the relative clause by means of a clause-initial pronominal element, and this pronominal element is case-marked (by case
or by an adposition) to indicate the role of the head noun within the relative clause.” (Comrie & Kuteva 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The only language outside the European area shown to use this strategy is Acoma, Keresan language of New Mexico.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Could anyone lead me to examples of the relative pronoun strategy used in other languages outside Europe? Also, could anyone provide such examples from Acoma or related languages? (I can’t seem to find any
in the descriptions of Keresan languages that I have examined.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Reference:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Bernard Comrie, Tania Kuteva. 2013. Relativization on Subjects. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
<i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.</i> Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <br>
(Available online at <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wals.info/chapter/122">
http://wals.info/chapter/122</a>, Accessed on 2018-03-19.) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Many thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Jeff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Emeritus Professor Jeff Siegel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Linguistics, School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">University of New England<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Armidale, NSW 2351<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/bcss/jsiegel</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Bernard Comrie
Distinguished Faculty Professor of Linguistics, University of California Santa Barbara
E-mail: comrie at linguistics.ucsb.edu
Web site: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/bernard-comrie</a>
Department of Linguistics
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3100
USA
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