<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta name=表題 content=""><meta name="キーワード" content=""><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"lr oSVbN";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0mm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.EmailStyle17
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"lr oSVbN","serif";
color:black;}
span.msoIns
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-style-name:"";
text-decoration:underline;
color:teal;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:595.0pt 842.0pt;
margin:99.25pt 30.0mm 30.0mm 30.0mm;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style></head><body bgcolor=white lang=JA link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Dear Johanna,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>There is a work which is not based on a large corpus but may be nonetheless relevant to your search: Tsunoda (2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (a) Tsunoda (2008) looks at the preprints of 8 papers — written in Japanese — that were presented at the 122nd meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan (23-24 June 2001). The ages of the authors are 52, 49, 45, 41, 39, 39, 35, 27, respectively. Tsunoda (2008) deals with adult speech.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (b) Tsunoda (2008) deals with Japanese, whose RCs involve a gap strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (c) Tsunoda (2008) looks at the following arguments:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Subject: active subject and passive subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Direct object.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Indirect object.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Oblique object.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Genitive.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>(In Japanese, the object of comparison cannot be relativised on.) The following tendency is observed in these 8 preprints (Tsunoda 2008: 212).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>“With each of the authors, virtually all the RCs involve the subject of an active (i.e. active subject), the subject of a passive (i.e. passive subject) or the direct object. In contrast, there is no example or there are very few examples involving the indirect object, the oblique object or the genitive.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (d) Previous works, e.g. Tsunoda (2003), pointed out that the use of passives in Japanese is becoming increasingly frequent. Tsunoda (2008) shows that this is happening in RCs, as well. Tsunoda (2008: 213) states as follows.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>“The younger the author is, the smaller the number is of RCs modifying the direct object; ...”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>“In contrast, the younger the author is, the larger the number is of RCS modifying the passive subject;”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>That is, roughly speaking, younger authors tend to use Japanese-equivalents of sentences such as (1), rather than those of sentences such as (2).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>(1) the conclusion that is suggested by the data<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>(2) the conclusion that the data suggest<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>In (1), the passive subject is relativised on, while in (2) the direct object is relativised on.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (e) On the basis of (c) and (d), Tsunoda (2008: 214) provides the following prediction, which is highly speculative.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>“As shown by Keenan and Comrie (1977: 69-70), in many Western Malayo-Polynesian languages, such as Malagasy and Tagalog, only the subject can be relativized on. That is, if, in Japanese, the change described above progresses, the RCs will be confined to the subject, and, concerning the formation of RCs, Japanese will undergo a typological change and become a language like Tagalog and Malagasy.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (f) Tsunoda (2008) is a revised and developed version of a paper that was published in Japanese: Tsunoda (2004).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> (g) References<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Keenan, Edward L. and Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i> Vol. 8, No. 1: 63-99.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2003. Henna judoobun: ‘Kuma ga yamu o ezu shasatsusaremashita’ [Strange passives: ‘The bear was unavoidably shot dead’]. In <i>Nagoya Kotoba no Tsudoi[:] Gengo Kagaku Ronshuu </i>[Nagoya Linguistic Circle: Papers in Language Science], Ikudoo Tajima and Kazuya Niwa (eds.), 35-42. Nagoya: Graduate School of Letters, University of Nagoya.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2004. Nihongo no rentaishuushokusetsu: Firipin o toorisugite madagasukaru ni tassuru? [Relative clauses of Japanese: Will they go past the Philippines and reach Madagascar?] <i>Nihongo no bunseki to gengoreikeeron </i>[Analysis of Japanese and language typology], Taroo Kageyama and Hideki Kishimoto (eds.), 559-571. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2008. Predicting a future change: relative clauses of Japanese. In Elisabeth Verhoeven; Stavros Skopeteas; Yong-Min Shin; Yoko Nishina; and Johannes Helmbrecht (eds.) <i>Studies on grammaticalization</i>, 209-216. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tasaku Tsunoda<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"lr oSVbN","serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>送信元</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> (Johanna NICHOLS <johanna@berkeley.edu> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>の代理</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>)<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日付</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>2018</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>年</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>6</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>月</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>4</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日月曜日</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> 16:58<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>宛先</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Linguistic Typology <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>件名</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>[Lingtyp] Corpus studies of relativization<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>We are looking for corpus studies of relativization in adult speech that report frequencies of relativization on different arguments. There seem to have been few since Fox 1987, most on English (some references below). Can anyone refer us to other work? Especially needed are languages with gap strategies and languages with ergativity, but all references appreciated. We'll summarize.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Johanna Nichols<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>for the Language Convergence Laboratory, Higher School of Economics, Moscow<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>References:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Fox, Barbara. 1987. The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy reinterpreted: Subject primary or the absolutive hypothesis? Language 63:4.856-870.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Fox, Barbara, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1990. A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English conversation. <i>Language</i> 66:2.297-316.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Haspelmath, Martin. 1994. Passive participles across languages. Barbara A. Fox and Paul J. Hopper, eds., Voice: Form and function, 151-178. Amsterdam: Benjamins. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Heider, Paul M., Jeruen E. Dery, and Douglas Roland. 2014. The processing of <i>it</i> object relative clauses: Evidence against a fine-grained frequency account. <i>Journal of Memory and Language</i> 75.58-76.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Mak, Willem M., Wietske Vonk, and Herbert Schriefers. 2002. The influence of animacy on relative clause processing. <i>Journal of Memory and Language</i> 47:50-68.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Reali, Florencia, and Morten H. Christensen. 2007. Processing of relative clauses is made easier by frequency of occurrence. <i>Journal of Memory and Language </i>57:1.1-23.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Roland, Douglas, Frederic Dick, and Jeffrey L. Elman. 2007. Frequency of basic English grammtical structures: A corpus analysis. <i>Journal of Memory and Language</i> 57:3.348-379.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>