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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext">While I share Martin’s objection to the use of
“syncretism”, I also think “co-expression” is problematic. Words like “co-author” or “co-operate” imply two actors working together to accomplish one task, e.g., “I co-authored an article with Taeho Jang,” “We co-parent our children”, “They co-wrote a linguistics
textbook,” etc. If “co-author” meant what Martin and Juergen suggest “co-expression” could mean, that would be like one person writing two articles – “I co-authored an article on tense, and one on aspect” (meaning I was the only author of those two articles).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I think “co-expression” normally refers to situations where more than one form together (“co-operatively”) express one category, like one might say “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ne</span></i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">pas</span></i> co-express negation in French.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What
happened to “poly-functional”?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext">Tom<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font color="black"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext">
Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b><span style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of
</span></b>Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Saturday, July 21, 2018 03:20<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lingtyp] Coexpression of source and agent<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Dear all,<br>
<br>
A side comment on terminology: The term "syncretism" is not only opaque, ugly and ambiguous (it originally referred to merging of case distinctions in Indo-European, which was likened to religious syncretism, in a strange metaphor; it can still have this purely
diachronic meaning referring to Indo-European cases) – it is also impractical because it does not have a good corresponding verb (cf. ??"Malay
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> syncretizes source and agent").
<br>
<br>
Moreover, it is typically associated with inflection (cf. the Surrey definition: " The term 'syncretism' refers to the phenomenon whereby a single form fulfils two or more different functions within the inflectional morphology of a language":
<a href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/">http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/</a>).<br>
<br>
(And syncretism seems to have been construed as a relation between forms: cf. the original title of this thread "syncretism between forms encoding source and agent" – a very cumbersome formulation.)<br>
<br>
I would like to propose replacing the term "syncretism" by "coexpression" when it is not used in a context of inflectional morphology (and maybe also in that context). The term "coexpression" is transparent and clear – and it can be used for all kinds of situations
where one form corresponds to two meanings or functions.<br>
<br>
It has the transparent corresponding verb "coexpress": "Malay <i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> coexpresses source and agent".<br>
<br>
This term was first used in our 2014 paper on semantic role coexpression patterns (Hartmann et al. 2014), and was taken up in David Gil's recent paper on DO/GIVE coexpression. It was inspired by Alex François's (2008) term "colexification" (also used in Johann-Mattis
List's new CLLD database on colexifications: <a href="http://clics.clld.org/">http://clics.clld.org/</a>).
<br>
<br>
A colexification pattern is just a special kind of coexpression pattern – and one might also want to coin the term "coexponence" for inflectional morphology, for a situation where a single vocabulary item coexpones two feature values; i.e. for what has been
known as "inflectional syncretism".<br>
<br>
Finally, a semantic map could be called a "coexpression map", allowing us to be neutral between different interpretations (cf. different terms such as "conceptual map", "cognitive map", "implicational map", which will confuse many students).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
***************************<br>
<br>
References<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">François, Alexandre. 2008. Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous
networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), <i><span style="font-style:italic">From polysemy to semantic change: Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations</span></i> (Studies in Language Companion Series 106), 163–216. Amsterdam: Benjamins. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Hartmann, Iren, Martin Haspelmath & Michael Cysouw. 2014. Identifying semantic role clusters
and alignment types via microrole coexpression tendencies. <i><span style="font-style:italic">Studies in Language</span></i> 38(3). 463–484.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">On 21.07.18 11:47, David Gil wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In Malay/Indonesian, the ablative "from" is expressed with
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>. And in some but not all varieties of Malay/Indonesian,
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> is also used to mark agents, typically, though not exclusively, in "passive" or "passive-like" constructions.
<br>
<br>
More specifically, the use of <i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> to mark agents is characteristic of Eastern contact varieties of Malay; I have heard it in, among other places, Papua, Halmahera, Ambon, Maluku Tenggara and Timor. And it is also
attested in the Kirinda subdialect of Sri Lankan Malay.<br>
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(It should be noted that in many such cases, <i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> is but one of two or more alternative strategies for flagging agent phrases.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">David<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">On 21/07/2018 01:06, Ponrawee Prasertsom wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Dear all,</span></font><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">I am exploring research possibilities on the language of motion events.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Does anyone know of a language that employs the same form (in any strategy--case, preposition,
syntactic roles etc.) that for coding source (the starting point in a motion event, as in: I walked *from* my house to school) and agent? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Related references would also be highly appreciated.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Ponrawee Prasertsom<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Graduate Student<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Department of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Chulalongkorn University<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Bangkok, Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
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<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">David Gil<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Kahlaische Strasse 10<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">D-07745 Jena<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Leipzig University <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">IPF 141199<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Nikolaistrasse 6-10<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">D-04109 Leipzig<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
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