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<p>Tom,</p>
<p>You ask "What happened to 'polyfunctional?' Well the problem
with "polyfunctional" is that it presupposes that the form in
question has multiple distinct functions, as opposed to, say, a
single broad function that encompasses several distinct more
specific functions expressed by distinct forms in some other
(usually the linguist's own) language. For the latter case I have
proposed the term "macrofunctional".<br>
<br>
The rationale behind the term "coexpression" is that it is neutral
between the distinction between macrofunctionality,
polyfunctionality, and for that matter also homonymy. This is
precisely the point made in an earlier posting in this thread by
Juergen Bohnemeyer (though he uses the terms "underspecification"
and "polysemy" instead of "macrofunctionality" and
"polyfunctionality".</p>
<p>We need the cover term "coexpression" in order to be able to ask
questions such as whether a given instance of coexpression is a
case of macrofunctionalty/underspecification,
polyfunctionality/polysemy or homonymy. And in order to refer to
the phenomena described in large databases such as Johann-Mattis
List's CLLD, where, because of their broad coverage, it is
impossible and arguably undesirable to adjudicate, for each and
every case, whether it is an instance of
macrofunctionalty/underspecification, polyfunctionality/polysemy
or homonymy. (Johann-Mattis actually uses the term
"colexification", but following Martin Haspelmath's earlier
comment, I take colexification to be a particular case of
coexpression also encompassing
macrofunctionalty/underspecification, polyfunctionality/polysemy
and homonymy.)</p>
<p>David<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 21/07/2018 20:33, Tom Payne wrote:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">While I share Martin’s
objection to the use of “syncretism”, I also think
“co-expression” is problematic. Words like “co-author” or
“co-operate” imply two actors working together to
accomplish one task, e.g., “I co-authored an article with
Taeho Jang,” “We co-parent our children”, “They co-wrote a
linguistics textbook,” etc. If “co-author” meant what
Martin and Juergen suggest “co-expression” could mean,
that would be like one person writing two articles – “I
co-authored an article on tense, and one on aspect”
(meaning I was the only author of those two articles).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I think
“co-expression” normally refers to situations where more
than one form together (“co-operatively”) express one
category, like one might say “<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ne</span></i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">pas</span></i>
co-express negation in French.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What happened to
“poly-functional”?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">Tom<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font
color="black"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:windowtext"> Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> <b><span
style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of
</span></b>Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b>
Saturday, July 21, 2018 03:20<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b>
Re: [Lingtyp] Coexpression of source and agent<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font
face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Dear all,<br>
<br>
A side comment on terminology: The term "syncretism" is
not only opaque, ugly and ambiguous (it originally
referred to merging of case distinctions in Indo-European,
which was likened to religious syncretism, in a strange
metaphor; it can still have this purely diachronic meaning
referring to Indo-European cases) – it is also impractical
because it does not have a good corresponding verb (cf.
??"Malay
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>
syncretizes source and agent").
<br>
<br>
Moreover, it is typically associated with inflection (cf.
the Surrey definition: " The term 'syncretism' refers to
the phenomenon whereby a single form fulfils two or more
different functions within the inflectional morphology of
a language":
<a href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/</a>).<br>
<br>
(And syncretism seems to have been construed as a relation
between forms: cf. the original title of this thread
"syncretism between forms encoding source and agent" – a
very cumbersome formulation.)<br>
<br>
I would like to propose replacing the term "syncretism" by
"coexpression" when it is not used in a context of
inflectional morphology (and maybe also in that context).
The term "coexpression" is transparent and clear – and it
can be used for all kinds of situations where one form
corresponds to two meanings or functions.<br>
<br>
It has the transparent corresponding verb "coexpress":
"Malay <i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>
coexpresses source and agent".<br>
<br>
This term was first used in our 2014 paper on semantic
role coexpression patterns (Hartmann et al. 2014), and was
taken up in David Gil's recent paper on DO/GIVE
coexpression. It was inspired by Alex François's (2008)
term "colexification" (also used in Johann-Mattis List's
new CLLD database on colexifications: <a
href="http://clics.clld.org/" moz-do-not-send="true">http://clics.clld.org/</a>).
<br>
<br>
A colexification pattern is just a special kind of
coexpression pattern – and one might also want to coin the
term "coexponence" for inflectional morphology, for a
situation where a single vocabulary item coexpones two
feature values; i.e. for what has been known as
"inflectional syncretism".<br>
<br>
Finally, a semantic map could be called a "coexpression
map", allowing us to be neutral between different
interpretations (cf. different terms such as "conceptual
map", "cognitive map", "implicational map", which will
confuse many students).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
***************************<br>
<br>
References<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div style="margin-left:24.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt"><font
face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">François, Alexandre. 2008. Semantic
maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining
polysemous networks across languages. In Martine
Vanhove (ed.), <i><span style="font-style:italic">From
polysemy to semantic change: Towards a typology of
lexical semantic associations</span></i> (Studies
in Language Companion Series 106), 163–216. Amsterdam:
Benjamins. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div style="margin-left:24.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt"><font
face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Hartmann, Iren, Martin Haspelmath
& Michael Cysouw. 2014. Identifying semantic role
clusters and alignment types via microrole
coexpression tendencies. <i><span
style="font-style:italic">Studies in Language</span></i>
38(3). 463–484.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font
face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">On 21.07.18 11:47, David Gil wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt">In Malay/Indonesian, the
ablative "from" is expressed with
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>. And
in some but not all varieties of Malay/Indonesian,
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> is
also used to mark agents, typically, though not
exclusively, in "passive" or "passive-like"
constructions.
<br>
<br>
More specifically, the use of <i><span
style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> to mark
agents is characteristic of Eastern contact varieties of
Malay; I have heard it in, among other places, Papua,
Halmahera, Ambon, Maluku Tenggara and Timor. And it is
also attested in the Kirinda subdialect of Sri Lankan
Malay.<br>
<br>
(It should be noted that in many such cases, <i><span
style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i> is but one
of two or more alternative strategies for flagging agent
phrases.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt">David<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">On 21/07/2018 01:06, Ponrawee
Prasertsom wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Dear all,</span></font><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">I am exploring research
possibilities on the language of motion events.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Does anyone know of a language
that employs the same form (in any
strategy--case, preposition, syntactic roles
etc.) that for coding source (the starting point
in a motion event, as in: I walked *from* my
house to school) and agent? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Related references would also
be highly appreciated.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Ponrawee Prasertsom<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Graduate Student<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Department of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Chulalongkorn University<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Bangkok, Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">David Gil<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" moz-do-not-send="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Kahlaische Strasse 10<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">D-07745 Jena<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Leipzig University <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">IPF 141199<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Nikolaistrasse 6-10<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">D-04109 Leipzig<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font face="Courier New" size="2" color="black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<br>
<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
</pre>
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