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Thanks to Juergen and Tom for discussing my proposal!<br>
<br>
As for Tom's comment:<br>
<br>
Well, it may be that "A and B co-VERB C and D" more often means 'A
and B together VERB C and D', but I think that "co-" in English
works just like "together", i.e. that it can also mean 'A and B VERB
C and D together' (i.e. C and D are together). For example,
Wiktionary gives "coapply" meaning 'apply C and D together'
(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coapply">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coapply</a>).<br>
<br>
As for Juergen's comment (also copied below):<br>
<br>
YES! It's really helpful that the term "coexpression" is that it is
neutral between vagueness (=underspecification) and ambiguity,
because in practice these are often difficult to distinguish (just
as polysemy and homophony are difficult to distinguish).<br>
<br>
If one feels that one can distinguish them, one should of course use
the more specific terms, but in cross-linguistic studies, they are
better avoided (comparativists will not want to commit themselves to
claims about particular languages).<br>
<br>
In my 2003 paper on semantic maps, I used the term
"multifunctionality" to be neutral between vagueness and
ambiguity/polysemy, but "coexpression" is better (see also the brief
discussion in the first section of Georgakopoulos & Polis's
recent survey article on semantic maps, <span style="font-size:
7.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT569473da'"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12270">https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12270</a>).</span>
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<title>The semantic map model: State of the art and future avenues
for linguistic research</title>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 21.07.18 19:33, Tom Payne wrote:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">While I share Martin’s
objection to the use of “syncretism”, I also think
“co-expression” is problematic. Words like “co-author” or
“co-operate” imply two actors working together to
accomplish one task, e.g., “I co-authored an article with
Taeho Jang,” “We co-parent our children”, “They co-wrote a
linguistics textbook,” etc. If “co-author” meant what
Martin and Juergen suggest “co-expression” could mean,
that would be like one person writing two articles – “I
co-authored an article on tense, and one on aspect”
(meaning I was the only author of those two articles).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I think
“co-expression” normally refers to situations where more
than one form together (“co-operatively”) express one
category, like one might say “<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ne</span></i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">pas</span></i>
co-express negation in French.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What happened to
“poly-functional”?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">Tom<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font face="Calibri" size="2"
color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font
color="black"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:windowtext"> Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> <b><span
style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of
</span></b>Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b>
Saturday, July 21, 2018 03:20<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b>
Re: [Lingtyp] Coexpression of source and agent<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font
face="Calibri" size="2" color="black"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Dear all,<br>
<br>
A side comment on terminology: The term "syncretism" is
not only opaque, ugly and ambiguous (it originally
referred to merging of case distinctions in Indo-European,
which was likened to religious syncretism, in a strange
metaphor; it can still have this purely diachronic meaning
referring to Indo-European cases) – it is also impractical
because it does not have a good corresponding verb (cf.
??"Malay
<i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>
syncretizes source and agent").
<br>
<br>
Moreover, it is typically associated with inflection (cf.
the Surrey definition: " The term 'syncretism' refers to
the phenomenon whereby a single form fulfils two or more
different functions within the inflectional morphology of
a language":
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/">http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/</a>).<br>
<br>
(And syncretism seems to have been construed as a relation
between forms: cf. the original title of this thread
"syncretism between forms encoding source and agent" – a
very cumbersome formulation.)<br>
<br>
I would like to propose replacing the term "syncretism" by
"coexpression" when it is not used in a context of
inflectional morphology (and maybe also in that context).
The term "coexpression" is transparent and clear – and it
can be used for all kinds of situations where one form
corresponds to two meanings or functions.<br>
<br>
It has the transparent corresponding verb "coexpress":
"Malay <i><span style="font-style:italic">dari</span></i>
coexpresses source and agent".<br>
<br>
This term was first used in our 2014 paper on semantic
role coexpression patterns (Hartmann et al. 2014), and was
taken up in David Gil's recent paper on DO/GIVE
coexpression. It was inspired by Alex François's (2008)
term "colexification" (also used in Johann-Mattis List's
new CLLD database on colexifications: <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://clics.clld.org/">http://clics.clld.org/</a>).
<br>
<br>
A colexification pattern is just a special kind of
coexpression pattern – and one might also want to coin the
term "coexponence" for inflectional morphology, for a
situation where a single vocabulary item coexpones two
feature values; i.e. for what has been known as
"inflectional syncretism".<br>
<br>
Finally, a semantic map could be called a "coexpression
map", allowing us to be neutral between different
interpretations (cf. different terms such as "conceptual
map", "cognitive map", "implicational map", which will
confuse many students).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
***************************<br>
<br>
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<pre wrap="">Dear Martin et al — There may be another reason not to apply the term ‘syncretism’ to the phenomenon at issue in this thread: the latter presumably involves metaphor and thus constitutes (at least initially) an instance of polysemy. In contrast, the term ‘syncretism’, as I understand it (I’m not a historical linguist), involves loss of formal distinction among paradigm cells, which would thus constitute a case of homophony (with respect to the formerly distinctly expressed cells in the now simplified paradigm).
(There doesn’t seem to be a theoretical reason to assume that syncretism and polysemy are mutually exclusive, though. If syncretism is indeed defined in terms of a morphological merger, then such mergers may well occasionally be motivated by metaphor or metonymy. However, that doesn’t seem to apply to any of the cases discussed in this thread so far.)
Now, the proposed ‘coexpression’, as I understand it, would be a hypernym of, and coverterm for, polysemy, homonymy, and semantic underspecification (as in the case of <span class="moz-txt-underscore"><span class="moz-txt-tag">_</span>linguist<span class="moz-txt-tag">_</span></span> not distinguishing gender). This would lead to the following terminological network:
coexpression
| |
underspecification ambiguity
(a.k.a. vagueness) | |
polysemy homonymy
Syncretism would then be a particular instance of homonymy, presumably restricted to morphological paradigms, as opposed to homonymy in lexical items (with the understanding that sound mergers can cause both syncretism and lexical homophony).
Enough terminology for a Saturday morning! — Best — Juergen</pre>
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