<div dir="auto">As per Alex's mention of Australian Aboriginal languages please refer to:<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Alan Dench. 1987. Kinship and collective activity in the Ngayarda languages of Australia. Language in Society 16(3): 321-339.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Best</div><div dir="auto">Peter</div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Tue, 24 Jul 2018, 15:47 Alexander Coupe, <<a href="mailto:ARCoupe@ntu.edu.sg">ARCoupe@ntu.edu.sg</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">



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<div>Dear Randy and all,</div>
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<div>The use of reciprocal derivational morphology on verb stems for encoding collective meanings seems to be not uncommon cross-linguistically and is also found in Mongsen Ao. As Jirat notes for Thai, it applies to both transitive and intransitive verbs, but
 intransitive stems necessarily encode only collective meanings (see Coupe 2007: 198-200 for examples and brief discussion - <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1317662/A_Grammar_of_Mongsen_Ao" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://www.academia.edu/1317662/A_Grammar_of_Mongsen_Ao</a>). For
 transitive verbs, context determines whether a collective or reciprocal meaning obtains.</div>
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<div>Similar uses of reciprocal morphology for the expression of collective meanings are also found in Australian languages.</div>
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<div>Alec</div>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Assoc. Prof. Alexander R. Coupe, Ph.D. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:red">| </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">School of Humanities </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> Nanyang
 Technological University<br>
HSS-03-56, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332 <br>
Tel: (65) 6592-1567 </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:gray">GMT+8h</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> Fax:
 (65) 6795-6525 </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> Email: <a href="mailto:arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg" style="color:purple" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span style="color:black">arcoupe@ntu.edu.sg</span></a> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:red">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> Web: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:blue"><a href="http://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe" style="color:purple" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe</a></span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Forschungsstipendiat der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:8pt">08.05.2018 </span><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.666666984558105px">–</span><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:8pt"> 31.08.2018</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.666666984558105px">Institut für Linguistik</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Universität zu Köln</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">50923 Köln</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Germany</span></p>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Randy LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Tuesday, 24 July 2018 at 9:33 AM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Cc: </span>weifeng liu <<a href="mailto:175204935@qq.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">175204935@qq.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>[Lingtyp] collective action marking<br>
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<div style="word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space">Hi All,
<div>A student in China (Liu Weifeng) working on Kyrgyz asked me for references about collective marking on the verb. This marking in Kyrgyz (-ish-) is distinct from plural marking, and used together with plural marking, and implies the action was
 done by two or more people together rather than individually.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I am aware of the following article, though do not have access to it, and don’t even know know for sure whether it documents this phenomenon:</div>
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</div>
<div>Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 2007. Reciprocals, assistives and plural in Kirghiz. In Nedjalkov, Vladimir (with the assistance of Emma Geniusiene and Zlatka Guentcheva) (eds.), Typology of reciprocal constructions, 1231-1280. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</div>
<div><br>
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<div>I don't know of any other works on this type of category in any language. Has this been looked into in any languages?</div>
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<div>Thanks!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Randy</div>
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<div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-5057992969410748898Apple-style-span" style="font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">-----</span></span>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white"><b>Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;font-size:13px"><font class="m_-5057992969410748898Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">）</span></div>
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<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">Professor of Linguistics and Chinese, School of Humanities </span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Nanyang Technological University</span></div>
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<span class="m_-5057992969410748898Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">| </span><span class="m_-5057992969410748898Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Singapore
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<span style="background-color:white;color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div>
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<span class="m_-5057992969410748898Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Most recent book:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span style="background-color:white"><font color="#222222" face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div>
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