<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify">I am working on reciprocals in Thai and want to share that Thai speakers mark both reciprocal and collective sentences (and also distributive) with a particle/adverb <i>kan </i>(see Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom <i></i>2005). As a collective marker, <i>kan </i>can occur following any kind of verbs, either trans or intrans, as long as the subject is plural (unlike for reciprocal-marking where verbs are restricted to trans only). However, speakers prefer to use <i>kan </i>for reciprocals rather than collective, so another way (and also the major mean) is to combine <i>kan </i>with an adverb <i>duay </i>‘too/also’, for example, <i>A B tham kaan-baan kan/duay-kan </i>‘A and B do homework together.’ This is also similar to the case of  <i>kan </i>in Lao (see Enfield 2007).<i></i>   <br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-AU">Hope it helps.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></p><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:-webkit-standard;border-style:none none solid;border-bottom-width:1pt;border-bottom-color:windowtext;padding:0cm 0cm 1pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";text-align:justify;border:none;padding:0cm">Jirat Hiranras</p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-AU">PhD candidate, School of Culture, History and Language</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Charis SIL";color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-AU">The Australian National University</span></p><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On 24 July 2018 at 17:33, Randy J. LaPolla <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style="word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space">Hi All,<div>A student in China (Liu Weifeng) working on Kyrgyz asked me for references about collective marking on the verb. This marking in Kyrgyz (-ish-) is distinct from plural marking, and used together with plural marking, and implies the action was done by two or more people together rather than individually.</div><div><br></div><div>I am aware of the following article, though do not have access to it, and don’t even know know for sure whether it documents this phenomenon:</div><div><br></div><div>Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 2007. Reciprocals, assistives and plural in Kirghiz. In Nedjalkov, Vladimir (with the assistance of Emma Geniusiene and Zlatka Guentcheva) (eds.), Typology of reciprocal constructions, 1231-1280. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</div><div><br></div><div>I don't know of any other works on this type of category in any language. Has this been looked into in any languages?</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks!</div><div><br></div><div>Randy</div><div><div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">-----</span></span><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white"><b>Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white"><font class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">）</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">Professor of Linguistics and Chinese, School of Humanities </span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-align:-webkit-auto">| </span><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Singapore 637332</span></span></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="text-align:-webkit-auto;background-color:white;color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" target="_blank">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Most recent book:</span></span></span></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span style="background-color:white"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-<wbr>Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edi<wbr>tion/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/<wbr>9781138783324</a></font></span></div></span></span></div></span></div></div><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="m_-2295942008277631524m_-2731583512162965714Apple-interchange-newline">
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