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<div>Dear Randy and all,</div>
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<div>The use of reciprocal derivational morphology on verb stems for encoding collective meanings seems to be not uncommon cross-linguistically and is also found in Mongsen Ao. As Jirat notes for Thai, it applies to both transitive and intransitive verbs, but
intransitive stems necessarily encode only collective meanings (see Coupe 2007: 198-200 for examples and brief discussion - <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1317662/A_Grammar_of_Mongsen_Ao">https://www.academia.edu/1317662/A_Grammar_of_Mongsen_Ao</a>). For
transitive verbs, context determines whether a collective or reciprocal meaning obtains.</div>
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<div>Similar uses of reciprocal morphology for the expression of collective meanings are also found in Australian languages.</div>
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<div>Alec</div>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Randy LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Tuesday, 24 July 2018 at 9:33 AM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Cc: </span>weifeng liu <<a href="mailto:175204935@qq.com">175204935@qq.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>[Lingtyp] collective action marking<br>
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word; line-break:after-white-space">Hi All,
<div class="">A student in China (Liu Weifeng) working on Kyrgyz asked me for references about collective marking on the verb. This marking in Kyrgyz (-ish-) is distinct from plural marking, and used together with plural marking, and implies the action was
done by two or more people together rather than individually.</div>
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<div class="">I am aware of the following article, though do not have access to it, and don’t even know know for sure whether it documents this phenomenon:</div>
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<div class="">Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 2007. Reciprocals, assistives and plural in Kirghiz. In Nedjalkov, Vladimir (with the assistance of Emma Geniusiene and Zlatka Guentcheva) (eds.), Typology of reciprocal constructions, 1231-1280. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</div>
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<div class="">I don't know of any other works on this type of category in any language. Has this been looked into in any languages?</div>
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<div class="">Thanks!</div>
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<div class="">Randy</div>
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<div class="" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; word-wrap:break-word"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:15px"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(34,34,34); background-color:white">-----</span></span>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(34,34,34); background-color:white"><b class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span class="" style="color:rgb(34,34,34); background-color:white; font-size:13px"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(34,34,34); background-color:white">）</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(34,34,34); background-color:white">Professor of Linguistics and Chinese, School of Humanities </span></div>
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<span class="" style="background-color:white; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:10pt"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" class="">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:15px"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span class="" style="background-color:white">Most recent book:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="" style="background-color:white"><font color="#222222" face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" class="">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div>
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