<div dir="ltr">There's a nice example of how this isn't a version of reciprocal marking in Tukang Besi, an Austronesian language from Indonesia.<div><br></div><div>In Tukang Besi the reciprocal prefix is <i>po-</i>; there is agreement marking, that distinguished number in 1st and 2nd person; and there is another prefix, <i>pada-</i>, glossed as 'multiple subject prefix'. This can be used for any (verbal) predicate which is "<span style="font-size:12.800000190734863px">done by two or more people together</span>". The convoluted wording is to allow for non-actions in there as well; not just agentive predicates, but non-agentive predicates as well allow for <i>pada-</i> (which is not possible with the reciprocal <i>po-</i>). Unlike the <span style="font-size:12.800000190734863px">Kyrgyz affix, <i>pada-</i> really works best when it implies more than just 2 or 3 participants, so it's not a perfect match; but it's clearly contrastive, in the one language, with a more garden-variety reciprocal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.800000190734863px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.800000190734863px">-Mark Donohue</span></div><div><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On 24 July 2018 at 15:33, Randy J. LaPolla <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style="word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space">Hi All,<div>A student in China (Liu Weifeng) working on Kyrgyz asked me for references about collective marking on the verb. This marking in Kyrgyz (-ish-) is distinct from plural marking, and used together with plural marking, and implies the action was done by two or more people together rather than individually.</div><div><br></div><div>I am aware of the following article, though do not have access to it, and don’t even know know for sure whether it documents this phenomenon:</div><div><br></div><div>Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 2007. Reciprocals, assistives and plural in Kirghiz. In Nedjalkov, Vladimir (with the assistance of Emma Geniusiene and Zlatka Guentcheva) (eds.), Typology of reciprocal constructions, 1231-1280. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</div><div><br></div><div>I don't know of any other works on this type of category in any language. Has this been looked into in any languages?</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks!</div><div><br></div><div>Randy</div><div><div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">-----</span></span><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;text-align:-webkit-auto;border-spacing:0px"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white"><b>Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white;font-size:13px"><font class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">）</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:white">Professor of Linguistics and Chinese, School of Humanities </span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-align:-webkit-auto">| </span><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Singapore 637332</span></span></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span style="text-align:-webkit-auto;background-color:white;color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" target="_blank">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word"><span class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="background-color:white">Most recent book:</span></span></span></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><span style="background-color:white"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-<wbr>Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-<wbr>Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/<wbr>book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div></span></span></div></span></div></div><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="m_5162962419904203677Apple-interchange-newline">
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