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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Hello, </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">I agree with Hartmut, and in more technical terms we could say that the categories/groupings we create, and the criteria upon which we define them, are more important than the labels we give to these categories. </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">But I have a question concerning terminology in other disciplines. </p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Several people have commented that other disciplines fare better than linguistics and effectively adopt shared terminology. Can we have examples? </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">I am not denying this claim, but I just don't have a good examples in mind - and such examples may help us to see what is tranferable to linguistics, what is not, etc.? </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Cheers, Maïa</p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Hartmut Haberland <hartmut@ruc.dk><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, 26 July 2018 5:25 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> paolo Ramat; Daniel Ross<br>
<b>Cc:</b> list, typology<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] terminology</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">I agree with Daniel and Paolo.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">I have recently been involved in a discussion with several people about the difference between ideograms and logograms which seems to be hard
to grasp for some. During that discussion it dawned upon me that the interesting thing is not so much terminology, but understanding the difference:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">There are pictograms like ‘no smoking’, figures in a timetable or most emojis which express a concept which is language-independent and can be
expressed differently in different languages.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">A sign like
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Yu Gothic",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">can be read differently in different languages (ng<sup>5</sup>
in Cantonese, wǔ in Putonghua, go or itsu in Japanese) but also always also conveys phonetic information, and so it stands for a word, not only for a meaning. Therefore Japanese
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Yu Gothic",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">島</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> can be used to write shima ’island’ and (t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">ō</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">
in compound loans from Chinese), but not the English loan airando ‘island’, although it has the same meaning.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">As soon as this is made clear, a consistent terminology may be welcome but this is secondary to the understanding of the difference which the
terminology only reflects but does not establish.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Hartmut</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black">Hartmut Haberland</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black"><br>
Professor emeritus</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black"><img width="100" height="42" id="x__x0000_i1025" alt="RUC" style="width: 1.0416in; height: 0.4375in; user-select: none;" src="https://intra.ruc.dk/fileadmin/assets/adm/campusit/ruc.png"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black"><br>
<br>
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black">Roskilde University</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black"><br>
Department of Communication and Arts</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black">Universitetsvej 1<br>
DK-4000 Roskilde<br>
Telephone: +45 46742841<br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>paolo Ramat<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 26. juli 2018 10:32<br>
<b>Til:</b> Daniel Ross <djross3@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> list, typology <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] terminology</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">i totally agree with Daniel's sound words; especially with his third para "The orly thing I am sure about. ..."</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Is the ongoing discussion really n ecessary ? ....</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Best</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Paolo </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Il Gio 26 Lug 2018 06:48 Daniel Ross <<a href="mailto:djross3@gmail.com" id="LPlnk237289" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">djross3@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Thank you for bringing the topic up for discussion, Martin.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">I think this is a very important but complex issue, and I'm not quite sure how I feel about it, even though I also have some strong feelings. I spend my days going through grammars and trying to decide if languages "have" some feature.
Of course I can simply look at the data myself and use a comparative concept to do that, but it is glaringly obvious how much terminology differs from author to author-- whether it is slightly (or very) different usage of the same term(s), or referring to
similar phenomena with different terms. So it is a personal frustration just how little consistency there is in the field.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">I'm unsure about prescribing any standard usage though, partly because I wouldn't want to hinder others from describing things clearly or in novel ways, and most importantly because it doesn't seem like we generally agree about much of
anything at all, so I'm not sure who'd be put in charge of naming things, and much less who would follow those conventions. It sounds like a great idea that wouldn't work well.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">If there is a way to organize a workshop to discuss these topics, I think that could be helpful, but I think it would be important to attempt to reach some sort of consensus rather than just sharing very different views-- without the
right design for the workshop, I imagine it would just become the latter. And until there is some way to imagine what that consensus could be (including how to agree to disagree), I'm not sure whether the workshop could still be productive.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">The only thing I am sure about is that everyone should be very clear about the definitions they are using when they use them. Either cite another work, or propose your own definition, but make it explicit. Even that very basic step is
often lacking (admittedly partly because we are often referring to older sources for comparative work).</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Just to supply this conversation with a particular example for discussion, here is a paragraph from a draft paper of mine about Associated Motion (AM) and Directional (DIR) morphology on the verb:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">"Descriptive linguistics has recognized motion-related morphemes for a long time, albeit through the lenses of a wide array of often confusing and even contradictory terminology that may, in part, explain why a broad cross-linguistic
typology has not yet been established. Browsing through descriptive grammars and other publications, the range of terminology used by different linguists to describe AM would be impressive if it were not for the inconsistency and missed opportunity for insights
from comparative work. Trends mostly fall into regional traditions but may be inconsistent even there. Most problematically, terminology for AM and DIR is rarely distinguished, the same terms often being used for both, or one term ambiguously used to describe
a particular instance in a language that might be either. In some cases, AM morphemes have been thrown into the grab bag of
<i>aspect</i> (e.g., Talmy 1985) or other existing categories, but much of the time terms that might more appropriately be used for DIR, including
<i>directionals</i>, have been used for AM. In Africa, the terms <i>itive</i>/<i>andative</i> (‘going’ from Latin roots) and
<i>ventive</i>/<i>venitive</i> (‘coming’) have gained some traditional status (Bourdin 2005), alongside
<i>centrifugal</i> (‘outward’) and <i>centripetal</i> (‘inward’) especially for Chadic languages (Frajzyngier 1987). In North America, the terms
<i>translocative</i> (‘away’) and <i>cislocative</i> (‘toward’) are in relatively common usage (Mithun 1999). These pairs all have the same significance, just representing different descriptive traditions. Indeed, directionally-oriented verb markers often come
in pairs contrasting away vs. toward, with that contrast often emphasized over their shared function of marking AM and/or DIR. Elsewhere the terms from one of those descriptive traditions may be adopted by individual researchers, as well as idiosyncratic terms."</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Notice that these terms are often used without a clear definition, as shown by the fact that they often are not specified as to describing AM or DIR or both, so even setting aside the terminological variation, as a reader of the descriptions
I'm sometimes left without enough information to understand what is going on empirically.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">(Note: AM adds a motion (sub)event to a non-motion verb, e.g., "<i>go and</i> do", whereas DIR specifies the path of a lexical motion verb, e.g. "run
<i>away</i>".)</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">The important point is that these terms have the same (sometimes vague) range of interpretations, so there is no empirical or definitional issue regarding their usage. (In some specific instances there may be a narrower usage where some
might consider one term better than another, but not across the full range of usage for any of them.) So this is a relatively extreme but also easy-to-solve example, if of course we could all agree on a single set of terms.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Philosophically, I have to say that it is somewhat disturbing just how little we are confident and consistent about in linguistic description (not to mention explanation). If we want to be taken seriously as a science, then I think this
is as important an area as any for us to work on. Imagine if, for example, physics, were as terminologically inconsistent as linguistics. Recent discussions on this list, for example have shown that typologists approach languages with wildly different assumptions
(and sometimes different goals), and that is partly why there is so much variation in terminology. But I hope that, one way or another, some of this gets sorted out in the future. There are also some theoretical issues that necessarily get bundled up with
some of these terminological issues, so one suggestion I would have for investigation on the topic would be to determine the range of topics that are NOT (especially) controversial and might work as a common ground for building terminology and other standards
in the field. What topics, if any, do 90% of typologists or linguists in general agree about (and why)? I'd genuinely be fascinated to read the results of that study. If there is no consensus (or cannot be) then what does that say about the field?</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Daniel</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">On Wed, Jul 25, 2018 at 4:57 PM, Mark Post <<a href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" id="LPlnk371845" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Surely the most difficult issue regarding standardization of terminology in linguistics is not standardization of terminology per se, but rather agreement on the nature of the denotata? In case any committees or workshops are interested
in adjudicating the boundaries of denotata - in which case, best of luck! - I see little point in attempting to adjudicate among terms. </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">[Note that this is distinct from List's point regarding the descriptive or explanatory content of any given term.]</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="color:#888888">Mark</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">------ Original Message ------</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">From: "Gontzal Aldai" <<a href="mailto:gontzal.aldai@gmail.com" target="_blank" id="LPlnk932395" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">gontzal.aldai@gmail.com</a>></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">To: "Martin Haspelmath" <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" id="LPlnk580282" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Cc: "<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" id="LPlnk427681" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" id="LPlnk868901" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Sent: 25/07/2018 9:25:06 PM</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] terminology</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I do think it could be a good idea to try and create a committee (say, within the ALT or the typological community) which would make proposals or "suggestions" on terminology. </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">G.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">2018-07-25 12:59 GMT+02:00 Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" id="LPlnk53514" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>>:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">On 25.07.18 11:51, David Gil wrote:<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">But it's the nature of the scientific enterprise that one person's hair-splitting is another person's crucial distinction. Ultimately, nobody's trying (or at least should be trying) to impose their terminology on anybody else; rather,
what we should be doing is using reasoned argumentation to convince other people that one's proposed terminology is better, and to lead by example.
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Well, I guess one could find me guilty of "trying to impose my terminology" when I suggested that one should talk about agent/source coexpression (rather than "polysemy").<br>
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Unlike other fields, linguists have no tradition of codifying agreed terminology, so there is no way in which a committee could impose a term on anyone. And David's parenthetical remark ("no one should be trying") suggests that linguists would not be happy
to have such authoritative bodies.<br>
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But then how do we improve the terminological situation? I mean cases where we all agree that there are conceptual distinctions that are worth making, but we don't have a way of agreeing on a term?<br>
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How do we "work harder" to address Mattis's desideratum:?<br>
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On 22.07.18, Mattis List wrote:<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">We should all work harder in establishing a purely descriptive terminology in our field. Explanatory terminology should be restricted to the situations where we really know what happened.
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There have never even been conference workshops or plenary talks about linguistic terminology, as far as I know. We seem to think that the terminology will somehow sort itself out once we gain more knowledge.<br>
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And when someone makes a proposal for a new term, people sometimes start objecting without proposing better solutions (I realize that "coexpression" does not immediately please everyone, but I have not heard an alternative suggestion).<br>
<br>
There seems to be a general reluctance to accept new terms, maybe simply because new words often sound strange when one first encounters them. I recently published a paper about "adpossessive constructions" (specifically about alienability contrasts, in open
access, see <a href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/xBISCjZrzqHpEmL2S7A4u1?domain=degruyter.com" target="_blank" id="LPlnk723904" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zfsw.2017.36.issue-2/zfs-2017-0009/zfs-2017-0009.xml</a>).<br>
<br>
I first submitted the paper to "Glossa", where one reviewer objected to the neologism "adpossessive" (short for "adnominal possessive"), as well as other neologisms found in the paper. There were no substantive objections – s/he simply didn't see the need for
these new terms. I refused to address this "reviewer's concern" because I find it important to enrich our terminology, and in the end the paper was rejected by "Glossa" because of my stubbornness.<br>
<br>
So I think it's really nice that LINGTYP is engaging in this kind of discussion of terminology, and maybe ALT might consider organizing a workshop or discussion of this topic at some point. After all, most ALT members are not committed to finding universal
categories, so one could try to have some kind of standard set of terms even before solving all our problems (somewhat like the IPA, which is a standard set of symbols that we agree on even though we have not solved all issues in phonology, see
<a href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/aUO9C0YZWVF6vBOKiDcnWe?domain=dlc.hypotheses.org" target="_blank" id="LPlnk960930" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">
https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1000</a>).<span style="color:#888888"><br>
<br>
<span class="x_m-1206951588144575621m1533117399209022046m1277471903676495298hoenzb">Martin</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<span class="x_m-1206951588144575621m1533117399209022046m1277471903676495298hoenzb"></span></span></p>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">-- </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" id="LPlnk924997" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">Kahlaische Strasse 10 </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">D-07745 Jena </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">&</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">Leipzig University </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">IPF 141199</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">Nikolaistrasse 6-10</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888">D-04109 Leipzig </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color:#888888"> </span></pre>
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