<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Ian, </div><div><br></div><div>This is a fun thing to think about!</div><div><br></div>I think that Wray & Grace in their 2005 paper "The consequences of talking to strangers: Evolutionary corollaries of socio-cultural influences on linguistic form" present several reasonable ideas on the effects of certain group structure, writing etc on linguistic features. These would include things such as more implicit information if you're all the time talking to people you're very familiar with and more complicated syntactic embedding the more your community engages in writing. Through human history, we have lived in different kinds of social structures and this may have had an effect in the way you suggest. For example, during the bronze age it's likely that we overall lived in smaller groups. Some of these ideas also overlap with Trudgill's, like Randy mentioned earlier.<div><br>I can also really recommend Greenhill's 2014 chapter "Demographic correlates of language diversity, it sums up much of this literature neatly.</div><div><div> <div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Med vänliga hälsningar</b><b>,</b><br></font></p><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><b><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Hedvig Skirgård</font></b></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><br></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font size="1"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0)">PhD Candidate</span><br></font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</font></span></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">School of Culture, History and Language<br>College of Asia and the Pacific</font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">The Australian National University</font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#666666" size="1"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank">Website</a><br></font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><br></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">Den sön 30 sep. 2018 kl 17:13 skrev Avery Andrews <<a href="mailto:Avery.Andrews@anu.edu.au">Avery.Andrews@anu.edu.au</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Hi all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">I don’t see how a strictly temporal view as such is really viable; what is viable is a cultural view that includes time, not only as in Peter’s work as mentioned by Randy, but also
for example Fred Karlsson’s work on the history of recursion (</span><b>Syntactic recursion and iteration, in </b>Harry van der Hulst, ed.,
<i>Recursion and Human Language</i>. Berlin/New York: Mouton de<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gruyter, 2010. Pp. 43-67) <span style="color:#1f497d">
, wherein, iirc, it is found that non-literate languages tend not to user recursion very much, but may start to do so if the speakers start a literary tradition, and the amount of recursion increases for about 400 years and then levels off or even declines.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Avery<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Lingtyp [mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Randy LaPolla<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, 30 September 2018 4:44 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Joo Ian <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@outlook.com" target="_blank">ian.joo@outlook.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Ian,<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Peter Trudgill has addressed this issue, e.g. in “Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity” in DeBusser & LaPolla eds.,
<i>Language Structure and Environment: Social, Cultural, and Natural Factors.</i> Benjamins, 2015. <u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Randy<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sent from my iPhone<u></u><u></u></p>
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On 30 Sep 2018, at 12:04 PM, Joo Ian <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@outlook.com" target="_blank">ian.joo@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We all know that languages spoken in a certain area (for example, Mainland Southeast Asia) tend to share areal features. But what about time? Do languages spoken at a certain time period, such as say, Bronze Age, share a certain feature
distinct from the features of languages spoken during, say, Iron Age?<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If so, then would a sample of languages spoken only at a certain time period (such as the 21<sup>st</sup> century) also be a temporally biased sample, similar to how a sample of languages spoken only in Europe would be an areally biased
sample?<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In order to create a trully non-biased sample of languages, is it also necessary to avoid temporal bias?<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I can think of several “temporal features”:<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Vocabulary. Languages spoken before the 20<sup>th</sup> century would not have any words referring to “computer.” Bronze Age languages would have no words related to iron.<u></u><u></u></li><li class="MsoNormal">Metaphors. Some have argued that some metaphors, such as TIME IS MONEY, arose only via industrialization (although I
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/37137427/TIME_IS_MONEY_in_Classical_Chinese" target="_blank">have argued against this</a>, claiming that it has also existed in Classical Chinese)<u></u><u></u></li><li class="MsoNormal">Gender-bias. Most languages we speak today are biased towards male, for example the generic pronoun being the masculine singular pronoun. But in the 21<sup>st</sup> century, where we strive for gender equality,
we see that there are conscious changes being made to fix this gender-bias.<u></u><u></u></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But in terms of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc. are there specific temporal features?<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would appreciate any insights on this issue.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From Hong Kong,<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian Joo<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ianjoo.academia.edu" target="_blank">http://ianjoo.academia.edu</a><u></u><u></u></p>
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