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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I don’t see how a strictly temporal view as such is really viable; what is viable is a cultural view that includes time, not only as in Peter’s work as mentioned by Randy, but also
for example Fred Karlsson’s work on the history of recursion (</span><b>Syntactic recursion and iteration, in </b>Harry van der Hulst, ed.,
<i>Recursion and Human Language</i>. Berlin/New York: Mouton de<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gruyter, 2010. Pp. 43-67) <span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
, wherein, iirc, it is found that non-literate languages tend not to user recursion very much, but may start to do so if the speakers start a literary tradition, and the amount of recursion increases for about 400 years and then levels off or even declines.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Avery<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Randy LaPolla<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, 30 September 2018 4:44 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Joo Ian <ian.joo@outlook.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Ian,<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Peter Trudgill has addressed this issue, e.g. in “Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity” in DeBusser & LaPolla eds.,
<i>Language Structure and Environment: Social, Cultural, and Natural Factors.</i> Benjamins, 2015. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Randy<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sent from my iPhone<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
On 30 Sep 2018, at 12:04 PM, Joo Ian <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@outlook.com">ian.joo@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We all know that languages spoken in a certain area (for example, Mainland Southeast Asia) tend to share areal features. But what about time? Do languages spoken at a certain time period, such as say, Bronze Age, share a certain feature
distinct from the features of languages spoken during, say, Iron Age?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If so, then would a sample of languages spoken only at a certain time period (such as the 21<sup>st</sup> century) also be a temporally biased sample, similar to how a sample of languages spoken only in Europe would be an areally biased
sample?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In order to create a trully non-biased sample of languages, is it also necessary to avoid temporal bias?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I can think of several “temporal features”:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Vocabulary. Languages spoken before the 20<sup>th</sup> century would not have any words referring to “computer.” Bronze Age languages would have no words related to iron.<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Metaphors. Some have argued that some metaphors, such as TIME IS MONEY, arose only via industrialization (although I
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/37137427/TIME_IS_MONEY_in_Classical_Chinese">have argued against this</a>, claiming that it has also existed in Classical Chinese)<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">Gender-bias. Most languages we speak today are biased towards male, for example the generic pronoun being the masculine singular pronoun. But in the 21<sup>st</sup> century, where we strive for gender equality,
we see that there are conscious changes being made to fix this gender-bias.<o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But in terms of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc. are there specific temporal features?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would appreciate any insights on this issue.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian Joo<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ianjoo.academia.edu">http://ianjoo.academia.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">_______________________________________________<br>
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