<div dir="ltr">Islands quite often have UP vs DOWN directions where up is the middle of the island and down is the sea. <div>When I was growing up on Oahu it was and east and west were Diamond Head (a major landmark volcanic located to the east of Honolulu) and 'Ewa (a popular beach to the west along the south coast shoreline); north (at least from the south of the island where Honolulu -- and 'Aeia where I lived -- are, and 90% of the population of the island lives) is mauka (mountainward) and south is makai (seaward). (Windward and Leeward are also sometimes used.)</div><div><br></div><div>In South Bali, north and south are kaja and kelod respectively; on the north (Denpasar for example) of the island (Singaraja for example) it is the opposite; east and west however are the same (sunrise and sunset don't change directions based on whether one is on the north or south of the central peak(s).</div><div>I have never spent enough time in the eats or west ends of the island to know what their system is (since applying the standard Balinese system would make, for example, Kaja (mountainward) ALSO the direction of sunset.</div><div> </div><div>ANYWAY, my main purpose of this email however, is directions in sign languages. As there may be variations according to which sign language, the following is for Indian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and Nepali sign languages (all work basically the same):</div><div>There are separate signs for the cardinal directions N, S , E and W; these are used almost exclusively on the macro scale. (For example, when people ask where I am from -- a difficult question to answer -- I will locate the US by saying AMERICA, CANADA NORTH, MEXICO SOUTH</div><div>At the local level however, as when giving road directions, there are THREE systems:</div><div>1) real-world system. this is used if something is close enough to imagine by just pointing in its real location in space</div><div>2) narrative-space system: in this case the signer "draws a map" by laying things out in the space in front of them: TEMPLE THERE, OPPOSITE DRUG SHOP... etc. Then the route is traced on that narrative-space map, either with index finger or with hand open, fingers together (In Indian SL and Nepali SL the sign for GO, also the classifier for for example bicycle, restating important landmarks (for example esp where one turns)</div><div>3) egocentric system. Here the signer takes the role of the person going along the route, and will will sign STRAIGHT-AHEAD, LEFT, TURN-LEFT, RIGHT, TURN-RIGHT etc while also signing important landmarks and locating them relative to him/herself (i.e. in the role of the person going)</div><div><br></div><div>USUALLY directions are given in a mixture of the above ways (and it is not strange to have all three used in one instance of giving directions. You can imagine (perhaps) the problems hearing L2 learners have (for example sign language interpreter trainees and even long time interpreters sometimes), and is one of the things I include when giving longer (intermediate level) trainings for SL interpreters)</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Wed, Oct 3, 2018 at 11:25 AM Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div lang="EN-AU" link="blue" vlink="purple" style="word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space">
<div class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Hi Hartmut<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Your anecdote about Florutz German is correct. The system is described by Rowley (1980). Similar facts pertain to other alpine dialects
of German.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd768798-Identity-H">Rowley, Anthony, 1980, Richtungs- und Ortsangabe in der Mundart von Florutz (Fierozzo)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd768798-Identity-H">im italienischen Tirol. In Anthony Rowley, ed.
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd620600-Identity-H">Sprachliche Orientierung
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Fd907638-Identity-H">l.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd620600-Identity-H">Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Semantik der Richtungsadverbien in oberdeutschen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd620600-Identity-H">Mundarten.
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd768798-Identity-H">Bayreuth: Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche FakulUit<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd620600-Identity-H">(Jahrbuch der lohann-Andreas-Schmeller-Gesellschaft
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Fd768798-Identity-H">1 980), 73-96.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Best<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Bill<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Hartmut Haberland <<a href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" target="_blank">hartmut@ruc.dk</a>>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, 1 October 2018 8:05 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Randy J. LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>>; Bohnemeyer, Juergen <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>>; Heath Jeffrey <<a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com" target="_blank">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> SV: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Hi Randy,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Karen Ebert (who sadly died a while ago) told me once that when she studied in Kiel, she met a friend from her North Frisian home island of Föhr,
and they used to speak their native language (Fering). Except when giving each other directions or describing their own movements. On their island, every place was either ‘up’ or ‘down’ or ‘over’ in relationship to every other place, and with movement verbs,
the direction (‘up’ or ‘down’ or ‘over’) was coded obligatorily. Outside of Föhr the system simply broke down.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">I have been told that in Florutz German (spoken in an Alpine valley) you have to put the potatoes that you have peeled down or up into the dish depending
on whether the dish is between you and the stream in the middle of the valley (‘down’) or you are between the stream and the dish (‘up’). That might be a myth, but it is a nice story. Hartmut<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">PS Has nobody ever had problems with their eye doctor when he talks about your right eye which you consider being your left eye?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Hartmut Haberland</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
Professor emeritus<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm"><img width="100" height="42" style="width:1.0416in;height:.4375in" id="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547_x0000_i1026" alt="Image removed by sender. RUC"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
<br>
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Roskilde University</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
Department of Communication and Arts<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Universitetsvej 1<br>
DK-4000 Roskilde<br>
Telephone: +45 46742841</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Randy J. LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>>
<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 1. oktober 2018 11:40<br>
<b>Til:</b> Hartmut Haberland <<a href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" target="_blank">hartmut@ruc.dk</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>>; Bohnemeyer, Juergen <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>>; Heath Jeffrey <<a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com" target="_blank">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hi Hartmut,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It might be true that New Yorkers (talking about Manhattan) would say “uptown” and “downtown” rather than “north” and “south”, and we say “upstate” for the part of the state on the mainland north of the Bronx, but the
sense of “up” meaning ‘north’ and “down” meaning ‘south’ is quite strong. Outside Manhattan in Long Island there is also “out” for ‘east” (e.g. "go out to East Hampton", from anywhere west of there, which is on the eastern end of the island, but "down to Jones
Beach", if you are on the northern part of Long Island—Jones beach can be “out” if you are to the west of it), and “in” for west towards Manhattan. Even though I left NY 38 years ago, I still need to orient myself on a N/S axis when I go to a new city. I found
Manila particularly difficult in this regard, as north is to the right on the standard maps, i.e. not ‘up’, and no one talks in geocentric terms or up/down.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Randy<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">-----</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> </span><span lang="JA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:#222222;background:white">（羅</span><span lang="JA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho",serif;color:#222222;background:white">仁地</span><span lang="JA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:#222222;background:white">）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Professor of Linguistics, with a curtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Nanyang Technological University</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">| <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-style-span">Singapore
637332</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:white">http://randylapolla.net/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Most recent book:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:white">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">On 1 Oct 2018, at 4:31 PM, Hartmut Haberland <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">hartmut@ruc.dk</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">> wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">@Bill and Juergen: regular grid patterns of cities in Europe (where there exist at all) are rarely aligned N/S and E/W as on Manhattan. In Mannheim, one of the
few German cities with a fairly large grid pattern, the orientation is almost exactly NW/SE and NE/SW, while in the small part of the center of Belfast that has a grid, it is N/S and E/W. One could test empirically if that has an effect on the way people give
directions. On the other hand, I guess people on Manhattan actually say 'head uptown', not 'head North'.<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Hartmut Haberland</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><br>
Professor emeritus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm"><img border="0" width="100" height="42" style="width:1.0416in;height:.4375in" id="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547Billede_x0020_3" alt="Billede fjernet af afsender. RUC"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><br>
<br>
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Roskilde University</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><br>
Department of Communication and Arts</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Universitetsvej 1<br>
DK-4000 Roskilde<br>
Telephone: +45 46742841<br>
<br>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-----Oprindelig meddelelse-----<br>
Fra: Lingtyp <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>
På vegne af Bill Palmer<br>
Sendt: 1. oktober 2018 03:42<br>
Til: Bohnemeyer, Juergen <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>;
Heath Jeffrey <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><br>
Cc:<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><br>
Emne: Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Hi Jeffrey<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">On the issue of egocentric spatial strategies and urban environments, I agree with Juergen's suspicion that habituation to urban route-finding prompts an increased
use of egocentric strategies, and the picture regarding this is quite complicated. Some studies have found a preference for egocentric strategies in urban communities vs absolute or geocentric strategies in rural communities in the same language group (such
as Pederson's work on Tamil, e.g. 2006, and Mishra et al's work on Hindi, 2003). In my Atoll Space Group (e.g. Palmer et al 2017), we found a direct correlation with urban density and egocentric preference. However, speakers in all environments used both egocentric
and geocentric strategies. The variation lay in proportion of various strategies employed in different environment. In Dhivehi (Maldives) in densely populated Male egocentric strategies were overwhelmingly preferred. In somewhat less urban Addu the preference
was not as strong. In low density Laamu (across several locations) the average was about equal preference for egocentric and geocentric strategies. But density alone is not the only factor. In our Marshallese study, the Marshallese community in Springdale
Arkansas shows an overwhelming preference for egocentric strategies, the opposite of what we found in the Marshall Islands itself. However Springdale is not particularly high density - more suburban than high density urban, and not much more high density than
some of the Marshall Island locations. The urbanness factor there seems to be compounded by the unavailability of anchoring features for the usually high frequency Marshallese references to topographic features of the atolls, such as the lagoon.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Urban configuration on a regular grid, as you suggest, is a factor, but actually a regular grid seems to have a somewhat lesser effect in promoting egocentric
strategies than more irregular (and traditional) urban configurations. So, in cities with a very regular grid pattern, absolute strategies are more available. E.g. in New York terms such as uptown and downtown operate in absolute Frame of Reference (e.g. "go
over to 7th then head uptown" rather than "go over to 7th and turn left"). In my view it's the irregularity of urban environments as well as reduced access to orienting factors in the environment that prompts increased use of egocentric spatial strategies.
The difficulty in maintaining orientation in that kind of environment seems to override what increasingly seems to be a cognitively more basic spatial anchoring in the physical environment, in line with Juergen's work on a pan-simian bias for absolute strategies
and other work showing absolute cognitive strategies in great apes, and Juergen's work on mismatches between absolute and relative strategies in linguistic and non-linguistic behaviour, which always seem to be in the direction of relative in language and absolute
in non-linguistic behaviour, and not the other way around.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Cheers<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Bill<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-----Original Message-----<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From: Lingtyp <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>
On Behalf Of Bohnemeyer, Juergen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Sent: Monday, 1 October 2018 9:45 AM<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">To: Heath Jeffrey <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Cc:<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Jeffrey — The primary domain of egocentric frames are front/back/left/right terms. Such terms can be used both egocentrically and allocentrically (intrinsically).
However, when it comes to ‘left’ and ‘right’ in particular, we’ve generally found that if a language bothers to extend them beyond the human body at all, they tend to be more frequently used egocentrically (and specifically relatively, i.e., transposing them
from the body of an observer onto some reference entity) than intrinsically.<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">There are probably a number of factors that make urbanization an egocentrism booster. I’ve been suspecting for a while that habituation to navigating urban roadways
is one such factor, as you suggest. However, not everybody shares my intuition. Another is probably reduced accessibility of environmental cues in large urban settlements.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">As to your second point, we tried to compare these lexicalization strategies more systematically in the old Cut&Break project at MPI Nijmegen. See the special
issue with case studies that came out in Cognitive Linguistics in 2007. One very interesting paper in the bunch that I think speaks to your point is Steve Levinson’s. He argued that Yélî Dnye, the language of Rossel Island in the Louisiade Archipelago off
the eastern tip of PNG, lacks European-style cutting verbs. Instead of by instrument, the respective actions are lexicalized by physical properties of the object being acted on. He suggested that this might be explained with reference to the absence of metal
tools in Rossel culture prior to European contact.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Best — Juergen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> On Sep 30, 2018, at 6:22 PM, Heath Jeffrey <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:schweinehaxen@hotmail.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">schweinehaxen@hotmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Juergen, if by egocentric you refer mainly to left/right as directions (turn left at the third set of lights), the question I have is to what extent it correlates
with large-scale urban configurations based on rectangular grids (cf. your "population density").<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Another cultural-linguistic distinction worthy of consideration is the extent to which unmarked, basic action verbs (in domains like 'eat/drink', 'cut/break',
'transport/carry', 'hold', 'harvest') are lexicalized on the basis of function/result as in SAE or on the basis of manner/process, as systematically in Dogon languages. It is difficult to study this typologically since dictionaries don't contain the relevant
information. I cannot even determine it from my own older dictionaries of non-Dogon languages. There are a number of cross-linguistic surveys of verbs in specific domains ('cut/break', 'give', 'eat/drink'), mostly limited to a few case studies, but none to
my knowledge covers ALL action verbs in the languages compared.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> For example, if a specific event of 'carry' has been witnessed and is being reported, is it obligatory to specify the manner (e.g. with lexial verbs meaning
'carry on head' vs. 'carry on back') or can one use a general term 'carry' that doesn't specify manner? Likewise for the other action-verb domains.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> It is also difficult to interpret crosslinguistic differences on this point even when one has determined the facts. Are these differences in culturally favored
epistemic stance? One can directly observe and report the manner, but specifying the purpose requires interpretation, intruding into others' minds, and the result may not be observable, as with 'eat'. Or do they reflect tighter real-world correlations between
manner/process and function/result in small-scale societies as opposed to others (with more specialized and opaque occupations)?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> We did a paper on this (Dogon vs. English representing SAE) but it hasn't resonated. Heath & McPherson, Cognitive set and lexicalization strategy in Dogon action
verbs, Anthropological Linguistics 51(1): 38-63 (2009).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> From: Lingtyp <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>
on behalf of<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Bohnemeyer, Juergen <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Sent: Sunday, September 30, 2018 2:39 PM<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> To: Joo Ian;<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Dear Ian — Thanks for a great question! Are certain properties of individual languages typologically more prevalent at certain time periods than others? As far
as I’m aware, all empirical research, and even “theorizing” (hypothesizing, really), that has intersected with this question has done so solely with a simpler version of it: Are certain properties of individual languages typologically more or less prevalent
now than they were at earlier stages of the cultural evolution of human language?<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> In this version, what is being compared is the distribution of the property in question as we can observe it now against the (hypothesized or reconstructed)
distribution at some point in time that is substantially closer to the temporal origin point(s) of the currently extant languages (and I consider neither the question whether there is one single such origin point nor the one as to what members of the hominid
lineage can rightfully be considered speakers of the earliest languages in the sense of language as we know it settled). I suspect we lack sufficient data to address the broader question you raised beyond this narrower version, comparing arbitrary points in
time.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Now, the narrower question has drawn particularly intense attention in phonology over the past 20 or so years. In addition to the literature Eitan Grossman mentioned,
let me point to at least three strands of research:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> * Dediu & Ladd’s (2007) work on a possible genetic marker<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> codistributed with tone languages and the follow up studies it<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> generated;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> * The debate over the prehistory of clicks (Tishkoff et al 2007; Sands<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> & Güldermann 2009, Dimmendaal 2011; inter alia);<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> * Various attempts at temporally projecting the evolution of phoneme inventories/diversity, including Atkinson 2011 and Perreault & Matthews 2012.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Now, outside phonology, I wanted to mention an area of study that some consider part of the lexicon, others part of the grammar, and that in my view belongs
to neither (it doesn’t form part of the grammar in the narrow sense of a combinatorial system), but rather to practices of language use: spatial referencing systems. Largely still unpublished work by my collaborators and myself in the second MesoSpace project
(NSF BCS-1053123) suggests that the preference for egocentric reference frames in small-scale space is restricted to European languages and a few other languages spoken in globalized post-industrial societies, including Japanese and Mandarin.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> At the same time, our own work and a number of earlier small-scale studies have uncovered a number of populations that exhibit apparent mismatches between their
behavior in verbal and in nonverbal tasks, with the former suggesting either unrestricted use of frame types or a preference for intrinsic frames, while the latter point in most cases toward a geocentrism bias. We think that this is line with the hypothesis
of an innate geocentrism bias that in some populations gets overridden by a culturally (including notably linguistically) transmitted preference for egocentric frames. The hypothesis of the innate geocentrism bias and the cultural override was first proposed
by Haun et al (2006) on the basis of research with non-human primates and human infants. Our typological evidence seems to support this idea.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> In addition, our regression models show that egocentrism is boosted independently by literacy and population density, whereas geocentrism is boosted by the availability
of salient typological landmarks, the latter in line with Palmer et al (2017). All this evidence is consistent with an evolutionary scenario under which human populations would have until perhaps just a few millennia ago made no more than marginal use of egocentric
frames (especially the subtype of egocentric frames Levinson calls ‘relative’) in both discourse and nonverbal cognition. Egocentrism would have developed and spread as a cultural adaptation once small-scale space became more clearly separated from geographic
space as a domain, with speech, gesture, and other observable behaviors acting as transmission systems. At the same time, established practices of geocentrism within a community would counteract the spread of egocentrism (so it would be quite misleading to
think of geocentric populations as less advanced compared to egocentric ones; especially as egocentric and geocentric strategies each have their strengths and weaknesses).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Best — Juergen (apologies for the long response!)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Atkinson, Q. D. (2011). Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa. Science 332: 346–349.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Dediu, D., & Ladd, D. R. (2007). Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin.
PNAS, 104, 10944-10949.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2011. Historical linguistics and the comparative study of African languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Haun, D. B. M., C. Rapold, J. Call, G. Janzen, & S. C. Levinson. (2006). Cognitive cladistics and cultural override in hominid spatial cognition. PNAS 103: 17568–17573. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Palmer, B., Lum, J., Schlossberg, J., et al.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(2017). How does the environment shape spatial language? Evidence for sociotopography . Linguistic Typology, 21(3), pp. 457-491.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Perreault, C., & Mathew, S. (2012). Dating the Origin of Language<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Using Phonemic Diversity. PLoS ONE, 7(4),<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">e35289.https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://2fdoi.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">2Fdoi.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035289&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2a9b0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> fccebf84f286ac808d627043bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> %7C636739296461014684&sdata=M0Gp15OddozVtDfW7q8folu0jis9ZbFGsU40EP<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> CdQKQ%3D&reserved=0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Sands, Bonny & Tom Güldermann. 2009. What click languages can and can’t tell about language origins. In The cradle of language, ed. by Rudolf Botha & Chris Knight,
204-218. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Tishkoff, Sarah A., Mary Katherine Gonder, Brenna M. Henn, Holly<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Mortensen, Alec Knight, Christopher Gignoux, Neil Fernandopulle,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Godfrey Lema, Thomas B. Nyambo, Uma Ramakrishnan, Floyd A. Reed,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Joanna L. Mountain; History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation, Molecular<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Biology and Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 10, 1 October 2007, Pages<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> 2180–2195,<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> org%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm155&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2a9b0fccebf84f28<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> 6ac808d627043bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C63673929<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> 6461014684&sdata=Kfss2lUYCQLV74WSt13y02OQI9hBLCZxL178DXG1w8w%3D&am<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> p;reserved=0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > On Sep 30, 2018, at 12:04 AM, Joo Ian <</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:ian.joo@outlook.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">ian.joo@outlook.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > Dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > We all know that languages spoken in a certain area (for example, Mainland Southeast Asia) tend to share areal features. But what about time? Do languages
spoken at a certain time period, such as say, Bronze Age, share a certain feature distinct from the features of languages spoken during, say, Iron Age?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > If so, then would a sample of languages spoken only at a certain time period (such as the 21st century) also be a temporally biased sample, similar to how
a sample of languages spoken only in Europe would be an areally biased sample?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > In order to create a trully non-biased sample of languages, is it also necessary to avoid temporal bias?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > I can think of several “temporal features”:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > • Vocabulary. Languages spoken before the 20th century would not have any words referring to “computer.” Bronze Age languages would have no words related
to iron.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > • Metaphors. Some have argued that some metaphors, such as TIME IS MONEY, arose only via industrialization (although I have argued against this, claiming
that it has also existed in Classical Chinese)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > • Gender-bias. Most languages we speak today are biased towards male, for example the generic pronoun being the masculine singular pronoun. But in the
21st century, where we strive for gender equality, we see that there are conscious changes being made to fix this gender-bias.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > But in terms of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc. are there specific temporal features?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > I would appreciate any insights on this issue.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > <span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > From Hong Kong,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > Ian Joo<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fian" target="_blank"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fian</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://joo.academia.edu/" target="_blank"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">joo.academia.edu</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2a9b0fccebf84f286ac808d627043<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636739296461014684&<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > amp;sdata=7WGdKTc5tsar2ujfUnWuGNHlclTzCREPXMCSat7PYl0%3D&reserve<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > d=0 _______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flis" target="_blank"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flis</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> ><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://tserv.linguistlist.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">tserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=02%7C<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > 01%7C%7C2a9b0fccebf84f286ac808d627043bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaa<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > aaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636739296461014684&sdata=%2FC4p9DtfrtaN0xD8WmS<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> > Nr53Pj6ntyuPLyYJAnsUMDmI%3D&reserved=0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> --<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Juergen Bohnemeyer, Professor and Director of Graduate Studies<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> at Buffalo<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus * Mailing address: 609 Baldy<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Phone: (716) 645 0127<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Fax: (716) 645 3825 * Email:<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">*
Web:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http:%2F%2Fwww.acs" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http:%2F%2Fwww.acs</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://u.buffalo.edu/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">u.buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">%2F~jb77%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2a9b0fccebf84f286ac808d<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> 627043bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636739296461014<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> 684&sdata=mnFrO5fm656S1aLvMCsasPol%2F54mDKm8HROAXp8xnLk%3D&res<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> erved=0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Office hours Mo 3:30-4:30 / F 2:00-3:00<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In (Leonard<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Cohen)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> _______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flists" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flists</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://erv.linguistlist.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#954f72">erv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=02%7C01%7<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> C%7C2a9b0fccebf84f286ac808d627043bac%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaa<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> a%7C1%7C0%7C636739296461014684&sdata=%2FC4p9DtfrtaN0xD8WmSNr53Pj6n<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">> tyuPLyYJAnsUMDmI%3D&reserved=0<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">--<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Juergen Bohnemeyer, Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus * Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Phone: (716) 645 0127<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fax: (716) 645 3825 * Email:<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">*
Web:<span class="m_3585498193980258128m_-3707844148467746547apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Office hours Mo 3:30-4:30 / F 2:00-3:00<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In (Leonard Cohen) <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
</span><span lang="DA"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#954f72">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="DA" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><br>
</span><span lang="DA"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#954f72">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="m_3585498193980258128gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dr Michael W Morgan<br>mwm || *U*C> || mike || माईक || માઈક || মাঈক || மாஈக || مایک ||мика || 戊流岸マイク <br>sign language linguist / linguistic typologist / Deaf education consultant<br>"Have language, will travel"<br>=====================================<br>"People who are always looking down at the bottom line will always fail to see the stars" <br><br></div></div></div>