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<div dir="ltr">Hi David - so what about English? It seems that “animal” is often understood to include category 1 only. Evidence: google “animals birds and insects”. Same thing in Swedish for “djur”. </div>
<div dir="ltr">Östen </div>
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13 okt. 2018 kl. 19:22 skrev Larry M. HYMAN <<a href="mailto:hyman@berkeley.edu">hyman@berkeley.edu</a>>:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">Hi David - Here's an example (just presented in my introduction to linguistics class yesterday!). Lack of accent = Mid tone.
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<span style="font-size:11pt">14. Taxonomies of words are culture specific, e.g. animals. Cf. Leggbó, an Upper Cross-River language of Nigeria</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt"> a. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL"">ɛtɛɛn “animal”</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. ɛtɛɛn ɛkkpón ‘land animal’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ɛtɛɛn àsí ‘water animal’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> b. does not include</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. lìzol ‘bird’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ǹdòdò ‘insect’</span></p>
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<div dir="ltr">On Sat, Oct 13, 2018 at 9:34 AM David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic range of words that correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Here are examples of the things that English "animal" refers to:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1. dog, kangaroo, lizard, frog ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2. eagle, sparrow, chicken, bat ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3. bee, scorpion, spider, centipede ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">4. crab, shrimp ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">5. worm, leech ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">6. starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">7. oyster, clam ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">8. sponge (?) ...<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am looking for examples of languages in which the basic word closest to English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage.<span>
</span>In particular, I would like to find instances — if such exist — of languages in which there is a basic word that covers the examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8 (or maybe 6-8).<span>
</span><span> </span>(Note that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our naive folk biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few languages that have such terminology.)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Some words of background:<span> </span>A colleague and I working in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic) empirical evidence for the psychological reality of an ontological category that consists
roughly of animals of the kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5).<span> </span>
We are calling this category "higher animals".<span> </span>The characteristic prototypical features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry, the existence of head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the head that includes sensory organs such
as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to move forward in the direction that the head is facing.
<span> </span>A challenge that we face is that, in the (few) languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for higher animals.<span>
</span>But we are hoping that other languages might have such a word.<span> </span>
in addition, we would also welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals, for example in the form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy hierarchy by making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other animals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I look forward to your responses.<span> </span>
Thanks,</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">David</span></p>
<pre class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
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<div>Larry M. Hyman, Professor of Linguistics & Executive Director, France-Berkeley Fund</div>
<div>Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley</div>
<div><a href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19" target="_blank">http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19</a></div>
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