<div dir="ltr">Hi David - Here's an example (just presented in my introduction to linguistics class yesterday!). Lack of accent = Mid tone.<div><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt;line-height:13pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt">14. Taxonomies
of words are culture specific, e.g. animals. Cf. Leggbó, an Upper Cross-River language
of Nigeria</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:4pt 0in 2pt;line-height:13pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"> a. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL"">ɛtɛɛn “animal”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13pt;margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. ɛtɛɛn ɛkkpón ‘land
animal’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13pt;margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ɛtɛɛn àsí ‘water
animal’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:4pt 0in 2pt;line-height:13pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> b. does not include</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13pt;margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. lìzol ‘bird’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13pt;margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ǹdòdò ‘insect’</span></p></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Sat, Oct 13, 2018 at 9:34 AM David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<p>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am
interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic
range of words that
correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Here are examples of the things that English
"animal" refers to:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1. dog, kangaroo,
lizard, frog ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2. eagle,
sparrow, chicken, bat ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3. bee,
scorpion, spider, centipede ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">4. crab,
shrimp ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">5. worm,
leech ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">6.
starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">7. oyster,
clam ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">8. sponge
(?) ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am
looking for examples of languages in which the basic word
closest to
English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage.<span> </span>In particular, I would like
to find instances
— if such exist — of languages in which there is a basic word
that covers the
examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8
(or maybe 6-8).<span> </span><span> </span>(Note
that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our
naive folk
biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few
languages that
have such terminology.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Some words
of background:<span> </span>A
colleague and I working
in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic)
empirical evidence
for the psychological reality of an ontological category that
consists roughly
of animals of the kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5).<span> </span>We are calling this
category "higher
animals".<span> </span>The
characteristic prototypical
features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry,
the existence of
head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the head that
includes sensory
organs such as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to
move forward
in the direction that the head is facing. <span> </span>A challenge that we face is
that, in the (few)
languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for
higher animals.<span> </span>But we
are hoping that other languages might
have such a word.<span> </span>in
addition, we would also
welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals,
for example in
the form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy
hierarchy by
making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other
animals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I look
forward to your responses.<span> </span>Thanks,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">David</span></p>
<pre class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
</pre>
</div>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Larry M. Hyman, Professor of Linguistics & Executive Director, France-Berkeley Fund</div><div>Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley</div><div><a href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19" target="_blank">http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>