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<div dir="ltr">Hi Thomas and others,</div>
<div dir="ltr">I suggest the same test for Swedish as for English. Google “djur fåglar och insekter”. Obviously the other interpretation also exists, and that is what dictionaries and biology textbooks tell us. But I think everyday usage is more ambiguous.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Östen </div>
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13 okt. 2018 kl. 20:02 skrev Thomas Hörberg <<a href="mailto:thomas.hoerberg@psychology.su.se">thomas.hoerberg@psychology.su.se</a>>:<br>
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<div dir="auto">Hi Östen and everyone else. My supersmall and totally unrepresentative sample disagrees with you for Swedish. 'Bird' and 'insect' are hyponyms.<br>
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<div dir="auto">Thomas</div>
<div class="gmail_quote">Den 13 okt. 2018, kI 19:29, "Östen Dahl" <<a href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>> skrev:
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<div dir="ltr">Hi David - so what about English? It seems that “animal” is often understood to include category 1 only. Evidence: google “animals birds and insects”. Same thing in Swedish for “djur”.
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<div dir="ltr">Östen </div>
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13 okt. 2018 kl. 19:22 skrev Larry M. HYMAN < <a href="mailto:hyman@berkeley.edu">
hyman@berkeley.edu</a>>: <br>
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<div dir="ltr">Hi David - Here's an example (just presented in my introduction to linguistics class yesterday!). Lack of accent = Mid tone.
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<span style="font-size:11pt">14. Taxonomies of words are culture specific, e.g. animals. Cf. Leggbó, an Upper Cross-River language of Nigeria</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt"> a. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL"">ɛtɛɛn “animal”</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. ɛtɛɛn ɛkkpón ‘land animal’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ɛtɛɛn àsí ‘water animal’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> b. does not include</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> i. lìzol ‘bird’</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Charis SIL""> ii. ǹdòdò ‘insect’</span></p>
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<div dir="ltr">On Sat, Oct 13, 2018 at 9:34 AM David Gil < <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">
gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote: <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic range of words that correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Here are examples of the things that English "animal" refers to:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1. dog, kangaroo, lizard, frog ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2. eagle, sparrow, chicken, bat ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3. bee, scorpion, spider, centipede ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">4. crab, shrimp ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">5. worm, leech ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">6. starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">7. oyster, clam ...<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">8. sponge (?) ...<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am looking for examples of languages in which the basic word closest to English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage.<span>
</span>In particular, I would like to find instances — if such exist — of languages in which there is a basic word that covers the examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8 (or maybe 6-8).<span>
</span><span> </span>(Note that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our naive folk biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few languages that have such terminology.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Some words of background:<span> </span>A colleague and I working in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic) empirical evidence for the psychological reality of an ontological category that consists
roughly of animals of the kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5).<span> </span>
We are calling this category "higher animals".<span> </span>The characteristic prototypical features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry, the existence of head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the head that includes sensory organs such
as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to move forward in the direction that the head is facing.
<span> </span>A challenge that we face is that, in the (few) languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for higher animals.<span>
</span>But we are hoping that other languages might have such a word.<span> </span>
in addition, we would also welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals, for example in the form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy hierarchy by making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other animals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I look forward to your responses.<span> </span>
Thanks,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">David</span></p>
<pre class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="m_-2098605442325559746moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
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