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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Thomas, I actually thought this was what Östen meant.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Wikipedia: “Insekter (Insecta) är en klass inom leddjuren och utgör den artrikaste djurgruppen bland landdjuren.”
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(Swedish)
<i>insect</i> (’insekt’) is a hyponym of <i>djur</i> (’non-human living being’).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">“Insekter (fra latin insectum, af græsk éntomon insekt) er dyr, der hører under rækken leddyr.”
</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(Danish) (same as in Swedish)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Even German: ”Insekten (lat. insecta) … sind die artenreichste Klasse der Gliederfüßer (Arthropoda) und zugleich die mit absoluter Mehrheit auch artenreichste
Klasse der Tiere überhaupt.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Now I am not declaring Wikipedia to be an infallible source, but what Bill Hanks said about</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79">
questionable meta-statements by native speakers in a discussion at IPrA 2007 in Gothenburg, applies here, too: “We may disagree, but it is all still part of the data.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79">Hartmut</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>Thomas Hörberg<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 13. oktober 2018 20:03<br>
<b>Til:</b> Östen Dahl <oesten@ling.su.se><br>
<b>Cc:</b> LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG<br>
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] query: "animal"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Hi Östen and everyone else. My supersmall and totally unrepresentative sample disagrees with you for Swedish. 'Bird' and 'insect' are hyponyms.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thomas<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Den 13 okt. 2018, kI 19:29, "Östen Dahl" <<a href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>> skrev:
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi David - so what about English? It seems that “animal” is often understood to include category 1 only. Evidence: google “animals birds and insects”. Same thing in Swedish for “djur”.
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<p class="MsoNormal">Östen <o:p></o:p></p>
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13 okt. 2018 kl. 19:22 skrev Larry M. HYMAN < <a href="mailto:hyman@berkeley.edu">
hyman@berkeley.edu</a>>: <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi David - Here's an example (just presented in my introduction to linguistics class yesterday!). Lack of accent = Mid tone.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;line-height:13.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">14. Taxonomies of words are culture specific, e.g. animals. Cf. Leggbó, an Upper Cross-River language of Nigeria</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:11.0pt"> a. </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif">ɛtɛɛn “animal”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif"> i. ɛtɛɛn ɛkkpón ‘land animal’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif"> ii. ɛtɛɛn àsí ‘water animal’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif"> b. does not include</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif"> i. lìzol ‘bird’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Charis SIL",serif"> ii. ǹdòdò ‘insect’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Sat, Oct 13, 2018 at 9:34 AM David Gil < <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">
gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote: <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">I am interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic range of words that correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Here are examples of the things that English "animal" refers to:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">1. dog, kangaroo, lizard, frog ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">2. eagle, sparrow, chicken, bat ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">3. bee, scorpion, spider, centipede ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">4. crab, shrimp ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">5. worm, leech ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">6. starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">7. oyster, clam ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">8. sponge (?) ...</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">I am looking for examples of languages in which the basic word closest to English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage. In particular, I would
like to find instances — if such exist — of languages in which there is a basic word that covers the examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8 (or maybe 6-8). (Note that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our naive folk
biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few languages that have such terminology.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Some words of background: A colleague and I working in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic) empirical evidence for the psychological reality
of an ontological category that consists roughly of animals of the kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5). We are calling this category "higher animals". The characteristic prototypical features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry,
the existence of head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the head that includes sensory organs such as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to move forward in the direction that the head is facing. A challenge that we face is that, in the (few)
languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for higher animals. But we are hoping that other languages might have such a word. in addition, we would also welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals, for example in the
form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy hierarchy by making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other animals.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">I look forward to your responses. Thanks,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">David</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>David Gil<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<pre>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________ <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Larry M. Hyman, Professor of Linguistics & Executive Director, France-Berkeley Fund
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<p class="MsoNormal">Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19" target="_blank">http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=19</a>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________ <br>
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