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Yes, sorry, what I meant was that cross-linguistic studies need to
be based on a clearly defined set of comparative concepts that are
specified in advance.<br>
<br>
Of course, data sources can be (i) speakers, (ii) experts, (iii)
dictionaries/grammars, and/or (iv) parallel texts – and it is true
that "questionnaire" has been primarily used for sets of comparative
concepts designed for speaker- and expert-based studies (i.e. (i)
and (ii)). So I was speaking (too) loosely when using this term to
encompass all sets of comparative concepts.<br>
<br>
Of course, one needs to be willing to revise one's set of
comparative concepts at any point (this was the original "Autotyp"
idea), and of course, all these data sources come with their
challenges (potential biases etc.).<br>
<br>
But no cross-linguistic study will "do justice to" prototypically
structured word meanings, and "looking at large bodies of text to
infer actual usage" will not help with comparing languages (though
it is indispensable for describing particular languages).<br>
<br>
(Re Jocelyne's post: I was not talking about questionnaires for
field linguistics. In descriptive linguistics, there is indeed no
need to have a pre-specified set of concepts, at least in
principle.)<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 16.10.18 03:56, Hedvig Skirgård
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAHHFGT30fdQT9KQ6VgH_-02pJ0kg9FBh6=Y8JESBkz0ZK1CnZw@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<div>I think that Ian and Martin may be talking past each
other somewhat here. I think that they have different
meanings of "questionnaire" (reading grammars or searching
through corpora and systematically cataloguing the
information into a sheet could be seen as filling out a
questionnaire), but I'll leave that to Ian and Martin to
work out. I also appreciate Östen's attention to the
impact of the phrasing of questions to informants, I think
that's a very good point.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Another resource that David could make use of is the
recently released Database of Cross-Linguistic
Colexifications (CLICS) from the CLLD-project and
CALC/DLCE group at MPI-SHH. It contains info on
co-lexification, and can display information in network
graphs. Here are some relevant graphs:<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Animal</div>
<div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619</a></div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">Insect</div>
<div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620</a></div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">Bird</div>
<div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937</a></div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
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style="font-size:9pt"><b><br>
</b></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt"><font
face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" size="2"><b>Med
vänliga hälsningar</b><b>,</b><br>
</font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt"><b><font
face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif"
size="2">Hedvig
Skirgård</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt"><font size="1"><span
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0)">PhD Candidate</span><br>
</font></p>
<p
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0cm 0.0001pt"><span
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font
size="1">The
Wellsprings of
Linguistic Diversity</font></span></p>
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style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm
0cm 0.0001pt"><font
face="verdana,
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Centre of Excellence for
the Dynamics of Language</font></p>
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style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm
0cm 0.0001pt"><font
face="verdana,
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of Culture, History and
Language<br>
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Pacific</font></p>
<p
style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0cm
0cm 0.0001pt"><font
face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" size="1">The
Australian
National University</font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt"><font
face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" size="1"
color="#666666"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank">Website</a><br>
</font></p>
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face="arial, helvetica,
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</font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm
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face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif" size="1">P.S.
If you have multiple
email addresses, I
kindly ask you to just
use one with
corresponding with me.
Email threads and
invites to get confusing
otherwise. I will only
email you from my gmail,
even if other email
addresses re-direct
emails to them to my
gmail (ANU etc).</font></p>
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<br>
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<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr">Den tis 16 okt. 2018 kl 08:46 skrev Ian Maddieson
<<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:ianm@berkeley.edu">ianm@berkeley.edu</a>>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word">Hi Martin,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I find it a very bizarre claim to say that
questionnaires are the ONLY way that cross-linguistic
research can be carried out.</div>
<div>Sure, using a questionnaire can be a useful tool for
certain purposes, but consulting dictionaries, articles
and grammars, </div>
<div>analyzing texts, analyzing recordings, conducting
experiments and so on are all possible ways of doing
cross-linguistic</div>
<div>research. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In the context of the present discussion, the
referential scope of "animal”-words might emerge more
reliably from looking</div>
<div>at large bodies of text to infer actual usage than from
even a very well-designed questionnaire. Of course, large
bodies of</div>
<div>text are only available from a small sample of
languages, and processing the data is non-trivial!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Ian</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On Oct 15, 2018, at 2:21 PM, Östen Dahl <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div class="m_-8097236364991341234WordSection1"
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Dear
Martin,</span></div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">Since Hedvig did not really
specify what the questionnaires should look
like, could you make more precise what you
mean by “questionnaires of the sort proposed
by Hedvig”? Also, are you saying that one
cannot carry out cross-linguistic research by
corpus work or psycholinguistic experiments or
by reading grammars?</span></div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">I think that some caution is
necessary when constructing a questionnaire to
compare how words like “animal” are used.
There may well be a conflict between perceived
norms and actual usage. Direct questions such
as “What does X mean?” or “Is X a Y?” may
yield answers which are biased towards the
former.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">Östen</span></div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div>
<div style="border-style:solid none
none;border-top-color:rgb(225,225,225);border-top-width:1pt;padding:3pt
0cm 0cm">
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>Från:</b><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>För<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin
Haspelmath<br>
<b>Skickat:</b><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>den
15 oktober 2018 15:40<br>
<b>Till:</b><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Ämne:</b><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
[Lingtyp] query: "animal"</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In
fact, questionnaires of the sort proposed by
Hedvig and endorsed by David are the ONLY way in
which cross-linguistic research can be carried
out.<br>
<br>
There is no contradiction at all between lists
of comparison meanings (like David's original
list of 8 organism types) and the recognition
that languages "function" differently.<br>
<br>
In order to express how a language "functions"
(= in order to describe a language), one needs
descriptive categories, and these may well
involve prototypes.<br>
<br>
In order to find out what languages have in
common, one needs comparative concepts (for
lexical concepts: comparison meanings, e.g. the
concept-sets in the Concepticon<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters</a>).<br>
<br>
One should avoid the mistake of thinking that a
mapping from language facts to comparative
concepts is a description, or the opposite
mistake of thinking that descriptive categories
would necessarily be useful for comparison.<br>
<br>
(Sorry for belabouring this methodological
point, but it seems to come up again and
again...)<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin</p>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
15.10.18 15:03, David Gil wrote:</div>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<p>In response to the latest posting by Johanna,
I think there is widespread agreement that the
meanings of words exhibit the kind of internal
structuring that is usefully represented in
terms of prototypes. But this does not
preclude the need for adequate descriptions of
what is included — protypically, less
prototypically, marginally, or not at all — in
the extension of words such as "animal" and
its putative counterparts across languages.
And questionnaires have proven to be a useful
tool for gathering this kind of data — it's
quite easy to formulate a questionnaire in
such a way that it will elicit judgements of
prototypicality (as opposed to categorical
"black-and-white" judgements).</p>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
15/10/2018 14:49, Johanna Laakso wrote:</div>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
All,<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to
be honest, I don't believe that languages
function with clear categories for
concepts like "animal". More probably,
there is something like a prototypical
"core" for "animalness" (or many of them,
if there are many categories corresponding
to "animal"), surrounded by grey zones and
depending on contexts, styles,
subcultures, etc.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My
own anecdotal experience (which first
caught my attention years ago, when
working on a translation job): in
Estonian, "loomad ja linnud" (‘animals and
birds’, implying that ‘birds’ are a
category distinct from ‘animals’) seems to
be a pretty frequent expression (more than
60,000 Google hits). As a native speaker
of Finnish, I find the Finnish equivalent
expression, "eläimet ja linnut", less
natural or not as idiomatic and acceptable
as the Estonian one; it does occur but
clearly less frequently than in Estonian
(13,700 Google hits), and according to my
intuition, the Finnish ‘bird’ is a
borderline case – birds might be "animals"
or "not-animals", depending on context and
use. I'm also pretty sure that many other
Finnish speakers might see this
differently.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore,
I have great doubts concerning the use of
questionnaires for gathering data. Or, at
least, the questionnaire should be very
carefully planned, to accommodate
vagueness and fuzzy or overlapping
categories.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Johanna</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PS.
Note also that terms for animals in many
languages are greatly affected by taboos.
And that the term ‘animal’ in itself is
often a derivative (Finnish eläin =
"living thing", Estonian loom =
"creature", Hungarian állat = "standing
thing") or a result of semantic extension
or specification (cf. German "Tier" and
its Scandinavian cognates with English
"deer", or the fact that Hungarian "állat"
a few centuries ago had a more general
meaning, something like "entity" or
"being") and that these developments might
be connected to cultural changes.</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">--</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Universität Wien, Institut für
Europäische und Vergleichende
Sprach- und
Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof
7</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">A-1090 Wien</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>•<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Project ELDIA:<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.eldia-project.org/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> </span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hedvig
Skirgård <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>>
kirjoitti 15.10.2018 kello 13.55:</div>
</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
everyone, <span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Queries
like one David posed are often
improved via more systematic
data collection using a form. I
suggested Google Forms because
it's one of the most user
friendly and familiar interfaces
out there where David could set
up a questionnaire and collect
data on people's usage of words
in their respective language,
and also get systematic data on
exactly what language they
speaks.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I'm
not going to set this up for
anyone else or compile the
information in this thread, I'm
merely suggesting that it a
Google Form may be a productive
way of going about this. <br
clear="all">
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga
hälsningar,</span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
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corresponding
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email you from
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if other email
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re-direct
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(ANU etc).</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den
mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 22:50 skrev
Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="border-style:none
none none
solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm
0cm 0cm
6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
Hedvig,<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I
am not myself into google,
twitter, facebook, etc.
beyond pressing 'like'
buttons. If you wish to put
the information on these
platforms, too, please, do
so, as long it does not
distract from David's
exploration.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best
regards,</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 15. okt.
2018, at 13:21, Hedvig
Skirgård <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:</div>
</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<div style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">May
I suggest a google
form to be spread
around facebook and
twitter etc?<br
clear="all">
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
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style="margin:0cm
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<div
style="margin:0cm
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0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga
hälsningar,</span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
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0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
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style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings
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style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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style="margin:0cm
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style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of
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style="margin:0cm
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style="margin:0cm
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0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have
multiple email
addresses, I
kindly ask you
to just use
one with
corresponding
with me. Email
threads and
invites to get
confusing
otherwise. I
will only
email you from
my gmail, even
if other email
addresses
re-direct
emails to them
to my gmail
(ANU etc).</span></div>
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style="margin:0cm
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<div style="margin:0cm
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<div>
<div style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den
mån 15 okt. 2018 kl
21:31 skrev Assibi
Apatewon Amidu <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-style:none
none none
solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm
0cm 0cm
6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
David and all,<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Your
exploration is
very educative.
I cannot claim
to be able to
answer your
questions, but
here is a take
from Kiswahili.
In Kiswahili,
the
categorization
is as follows:</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">1.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mtu/Watu</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'being/s'
(Classes 1/2
M/WA) includes
human and other
animates. They
are
superordniate
terms which
subsume (2-3).</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mnyama/Wanyama</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'animal/s,
±live' (Classes
1/2
M/WA) , (historically
undifferentiated
as<i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>nyama/nyama</i> of
classes 9/10,
N/N up to ends
of the 19th
century) which
subsume (3),
hence hypernym
to (3).</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">3.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mdudu/Wadudu</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'insect/s,
crawler/s,
parasite/s, and
others,
±live' (Classes
1/2 M/WA).</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This
gives us three
generic terms
for referring to
humans, animal,
insects and
other species
all the way to
microbes. (2-3)
are co-hyponyms
of (1). These
are not sharp
mutually
exclusive
categories.
Thus, centipede,
scorpion, etc.
are also types
of (3), and
human, and other
animals, e.g.
hippo, can be
described as<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>wadudu</i>, or
better still
with the
augmentative<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dudu/madudu</i>,
depending on the
communication
intention of the
speaker, e,g,
how monstrous
they perceive
the
entity. Returning
to your list of
words, they
would fall under
(1-2), but
specifically
under (2) in
everyday usage.
For a quick, not
too detailed,
discussion,
kindly look at
chapter 2 of</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amidu,
A. A. (2007).<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Semantic
Assignement
Rules in
Kiswahili
Bantu Classes</i>. Köln: Rüdiger
Köppe Verlag. </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best
wishes,</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi</div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
14. okt. 2018,
at 08:11,
David Gil <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>></div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:</div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy,</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So
which of the
items in (1-8)
are covered by
Chinese<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span
style="font-family:'MS
Gothic'">動物</span>),
‘moving
thing’?</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">David</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
14/10/2018
03:59, Randy
LaPolla wrote:</div>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hi
David,<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
categories as
you have them
(1-8) reflect
certain
cultural
conceptions,
and so won’t
be the same
for other
cultures. For
example, in
Chinese bats
were
traditionally
seen as flying
mice, and
lizards were
seen as
four-legged
snakes. </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
word in
Chinese that
we translate
as ‘animal’ is<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span
style="font-family:'MS
Gothic'">動物</span>),
‘moving
thing’. </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy</div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sent
from my iPhone</div>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm
0cm
12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
On 14 Oct
2018, at 12:33
AM, David Gil
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">Dear
all,</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">I
am interested
in exploring,
cross-linguistically,
the semantic
range of words
that
correspond
more or less
to the English
word "animal".</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">Here
are examples
of the things
that English
"animal"
refers to:</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">1.
dog, kangaroo,
lizard, frog
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">2.
eagle,
sparrow,
chicken, bat
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">3.
bee, scorpion,
spider,
centipede ...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">4.
crab, shrimp
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">5.
worm, leech
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">6.
starfish,
jellyfish,
squid, octopus
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">7.
oyster, clam
...</span></div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">8.
sponge (?) ...</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">I
am looking for
examples of
languages in
which the
basic word
closest to
English
"animal" is
nevertheless
different in
its coverage.
In particular,
I would like
to find
instances — if
such exist —
of languages
in which there
is a basic
word that
covers the
examples in
1-4 (or maybe
1-5) to the
exclusion of
those in 5-8
(or maybe
6-8). (Note
that the
question
concerns
every-day
words that
reflect our
naive folk
biological
knowledge, not
with
scientific
terms in those
few languages
that have such
terminology.)</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">Some
words of
background: A
colleague and
I working in
experimental
cognitive
science have
found
(non-linguistic)
empirical
evidence for
the
psychological
reality of an
ontological
category that
consists
roughly of
animals of the
kind
exemplified in
1-4 (and
possibly also
5). We are
calling this
category
"higher
animals". The
characteristic
prototypical
features of
higher animals
include a
single axis of
symmetry, the
existence of
head, torso
and limbs, a
face in the
front of the
head that
includes
sensory organs
such as eyes,
and a mouth
for eating,
and the
ability to
move forward
in the
direction that
the head is
facing. A
challenge that
we face is
that, in the
(few)
languages that
we are
familiar with,
there is no
simple word
for higher
animals. But
we are hoping
that other
languages
might have
such a word.
in addition,
we would also
welcome
grammatical
evidence for
the category
of higher
animals, for
example in the
form of
grammatical
rules that are
sensitive to
the animacy
hierarchy by
making
reference to a
cut-off point
between higher
and other
animals.</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">I
look forward
to your
responses.
Thanks,</span></div>
<div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US">David</span></div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<div
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<div
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<br>
</div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
</div>
<div
style="margin:0cm
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</div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
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</div>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
<br>
</div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
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</blockquote>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
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<br>
</div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
<br>
</div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
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</blockquote>
<div style="margin:0cm 0cm
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<br>
</div>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Martin Haspelmath (<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10 </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-07745 Jena </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">&</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Leipzig University</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Institut fuer Anglistik </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">IPF 141199</pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
</div>
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<div>
<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-style-span"
style="border-collapse:separate;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
<div>
<div>Ian Maddieson</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Department of Linguistics</div>
<div>University of New Mexico</div>
<div>MSC03-2130</div>
<div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig
</pre>
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