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    Yes, sorry, what I meant was that cross-linguistic studies need to
    be based on a clearly defined set of comparative concepts that are
    specified in advance.<br>
    <br>
    Of course, data sources can be (i) speakers, (ii) experts, (iii)
    dictionaries/grammars, and/or (iv) parallel texts – and it is true
    that "questionnaire" has been primarily used for sets of comparative
    concepts designed for speaker- and expert-based studies (i.e. (i)
    and (ii)). So I was speaking (too) loosely when using this term to
    encompass all sets of comparative concepts.<br>
    <br>
    Of course, one needs to be willing to revise one's set of
    comparative concepts at any point (this was the original "Autotyp"
    idea), and of course, all these data sources come with their
    challenges (potential biases etc.).<br>
    <br>
    But no cross-linguistic study will "do justice to" prototypically
    structured word meanings, and "looking at large bodies of text to
    infer actual usage" will not help with comparing languages (though
    it is indispensable for describing particular languages).<br>
    <br>
    (Re Jocelyne's post: I was not talking about questionnaires for
    field linguistics. In descriptive linguistics, there is indeed no
    need to have a pre-specified set of concepts, at least in
    principle.)<br>
    <br>
    Martin<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 16.10.18 03:56, Hedvig Skirgård
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CAHHFGT30fdQT9KQ6VgH_-02pJ0kg9FBh6=Y8JESBkz0ZK1CnZw@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
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            <div>I think that Ian and Martin may be talking past each
              other somewhat here. I think that they have different
              meanings of "questionnaire" (reading grammars or searching
              through corpora and systematically cataloguing the
              information into a sheet could be seen as filling out a
              questionnaire), but I'll leave that to Ian and Martin to
              work out. I also appreciate Östen's attention to the
              impact of the phrasing of questions to informants, I think
              that's a very good point.</div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>Another resource that David could make use of is the
              recently released Database of Cross-Linguistic
              Colexifications (CLICS) from the CLLD-project and
              CALC/DLCE group at MPI-SHH. It contains info on
              co-lexification, and can display information in network
              graphs. Here are some relevant graphs:<br>
            </div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>Animal</div>
            <div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
                href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619</a></div>
            <div dir="ltr"><br>
            </div>
            <div dir="ltr">Insect</div>
            <div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
                href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620</a></div>
            <div dir="ltr"><br>
            </div>
            <div dir="ltr">Bird</div>
            <div dir="ltr"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
                href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937</a></div>
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                                            <p style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                style="font-size:9pt"><b><br>
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                                            <p style="margin:0cm 0cm
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                                                  vänliga hälsningar</b><b>,</b><br>
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                                              0.0001pt"><b><font
                                                  face="arial,
                                                  helvetica, sans-serif"
                                                  size="2">Hedvig
                                                  Skirgård</font></b></p>
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                                            <p style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt"><font size="1"><span
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0)">PhD Candidate</span><br>
                                              </font></p>
                                            <p
                                              style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm
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                                                style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font
                                                  size="1">The
                                                  Wellsprings of
                                                  Linguistic Diversity</font></span></p>
                                            <p
                                              style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm
                                              0cm 0.0001pt"><font
                                                face="verdana,
                                                sans-serif" size="1">ARC
                                                Centre of Excellence for
                                                the Dynamics of Language</font></p>
                                            <p
                                              style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm
                                              0cm 0.0001pt"><font
                                                face="verdana,
                                                sans-serif" size="1">School
                                                of Culture, History and
                                                Language<br>
                                                College of Asia and the
                                                Pacific</font></p>
                                            <p
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                                              0cm 0.0001pt"><font
                                                face="arial, helvetica,
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                                                Australian
                                                National University</font></p>
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                                                face="arial, helvetica,
                                                sans-serif" size="1"
                                                color="#666666"><a
                                                  moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank">Website</a><br>
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                                                face="arial, helvetica,
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                                                If you have multiple
                                                email addresses, I
                                                kindly ask you to just
                                                use one with
                                                corresponding with me.
                                                Email threads and
                                                invites to get confusing
                                                otherwise. I will only
                                                email you from my gmail,
                                                even if other email
                                                addresses re-direct
                                                emails to them to my
                                                gmail (ANU etc).</font></p>
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      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr">Den tis 16 okt. 2018 kl 08:46 skrev Ian Maddieson
          <<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:ianm@berkeley.edu">ianm@berkeley.edu</a>>:<br>
        </div>
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
          .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
          <div style="word-wrap:break-word">Hi Martin,
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>I find it a very bizarre claim to say that
              questionnaires are the ONLY way that cross-linguistic
              research can be carried out.</div>
            <div>Sure, using a questionnaire can be a useful tool for
              certain purposes, but consulting dictionaries, articles
              and grammars, </div>
            <div>analyzing texts, analyzing recordings, conducting
              experiments and so on are all possible ways of doing
              cross-linguistic</div>
            <div>research. </div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>In the context of the present discussion, the
              referential scope of "animal”-words might emerge more
              reliably from looking</div>
            <div>at large bodies of text to infer actual usage than from
              even a very well-designed questionnaire. Of course, large
              bodies of</div>
            <div>text are only available from a small sample of
              languages, and processing the data is non-trivial!</div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>Ian</div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>
              <div>
                <blockquote type="cite">
                  <div>On Oct 15, 2018, at 2:21 PM, Östen Dahl <<a
                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>>
                    wrote:</div>
                  <br
                    class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-interchange-newline">
                  <div>
                    <div class="m_-8097236364991341234WordSection1"
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Dear
                          Martin,</span></div>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                          lang="EN-US">Since Hedvig did not really
                          specify what the questionnaires should look
                          like, could you make more precise what you
                          mean by “questionnaires of the sort proposed
                          by Hedvig”? Also, are you saying that one
                          cannot carry out cross-linguistic research by
                          corpus work or psycholinguistic experiments or
                          by reading grammars?</span></div>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                          lang="EN-US">I think that some caution is
                          necessary when constructing a questionnaire to
                          compare how words like “animal” are used.
                          There may well be a conflict between perceived
                          norms and actual usage. Direct questions such
                          as “What does X mean?” or “Is X a Y?” may
                          yield answers which are biased towards the
                          former.</span></div>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                          lang="EN-US">Östen</span></div>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                      <div>
                        <div style="border-style:solid none
                          none;border-top-color:rgb(225,225,225);border-top-width:1pt;padding:3pt
                          0cm 0cm">
                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>Från:</b><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a
                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                              href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>För<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin
                            Haspelmath<br>
                            <b>Skickat:</b><span
                              class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>den
                            15 oktober 2018 15:40<br>
                            <b>Till:</b><span
                              class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                              href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
                            <b>Ämne:</b><span
                              class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
                            [Lingtyp] query: "animal"</div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In
                        fact, questionnaires of the sort proposed by
                        Hedvig and endorsed by David are the ONLY way in
                        which cross-linguistic research can be carried
                        out.<br>
                        <br>
                        There is no contradiction at all between lists
                        of comparison meanings (like David's original
                        list of 8 organism types) and the recognition
                        that languages "function" differently.<br>
                        <br>
                        In order to express how a language "functions"
                        (= in order to describe a language), one needs
                        descriptive categories, and these may well
                        involve prototypes.<br>
                        <br>
                        In order to find out what languages have in
                        common, one needs comparative concepts (for
                        lexical concepts: comparison meanings, e.g. the
                        concept-sets in the Concepticon<span
                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters"
                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
                          target="_blank">https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters</a>).<br>
                        <br>
                        One should avoid the mistake of thinking that a
                        mapping from language facts to comparative
                        concepts is a description, or the opposite
                        mistake of thinking that descriptive categories
                        would necessarily be useful for comparison.<br>
                        <br>
                        (Sorry for belabouring this methodological
                        point, but it seems to come up again and
                        again...)<br>
                        <br>
                        Best,<br>
                        Martin</p>
                      <div>
                        <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
                          15.10.18 15:03, David Gil wrote:</div>
                      </div>
                      <blockquote
                        style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                        <p>In response to the latest posting by Johanna,
                          I think there is widespread agreement that the
                          meanings of words exhibit the kind of internal
                          structuring that is usefully represented in
                          terms of prototypes.  But this does not
                          preclude the need for adequate descriptions of
                          what is included — protypically, less
                          prototypically, marginally, or not at all — in
                          the extension of words such as "animal" and
                          its putative counterparts across languages. 
                          And questionnaires have proven to be a useful
                          tool for gathering this kind of data — it's
                          quite easy to formulate a questionnaire in
                          such a way that it will elicit judgements of
                          prototypicality (as opposed to categorical
                          "black-and-white" judgements).</p>
                        <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                        <div>
                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
                            15/10/2018 14:49, Johanna Laakso wrote:</div>
                        </div>
                        <blockquote
                          style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
                            All,<span
                              class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to
                              be honest, I don't believe that languages
                              function with clear categories for
                              concepts like "animal". More probably,
                              there is something like a prototypical
                              "core" for "animalness" (or many of them,
                              if there are many categories corresponding
                              to "animal"), surrounded by grey zones and
                              depending on contexts, styles,
                              subcultures, etc.</div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My
                              own anecdotal experience (which first
                              caught my attention years ago, when
                              working on a translation job): in
                              Estonian, "loomad ja linnud" (‘animals and
                              birds’, implying that ‘birds’ are a
                              category distinct from ‘animals’) seems to
                              be a pretty frequent expression (more than
                              60,000 Google hits). As a native speaker
                              of Finnish, I find the Finnish equivalent
                              expression, "eläimet ja linnut", less
                              natural or not as idiomatic and acceptable
                              as the Estonian one; it does occur but
                              clearly less frequently than in Estonian
                              (13,700 Google hits), and according to my
                              intuition, the Finnish ‘bird’ is a
                              borderline case – birds might be "animals"
                              or "not-animals", depending on context and
                              use. I'm also pretty sure that many other
                              Finnish speakers might see this
                              differently.</div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore,
                              I have great doubts concerning the use of
                              questionnaires for gathering data. Or, at
                              least, the questionnaire should be very
                              carefully planned, to accommodate
                              vagueness and fuzzy or overlapping
                              categories.</div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best</div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Johanna</div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PS.
                              Note also that terms for animals in many
                              languages are greatly affected by taboos.
                              And that the term ‘animal’ in itself is
                              often a derivative (Finnish eläin =
                              "living thing", Estonian loom =
                              "creature", Hungarian állat = "standing
                              thing") or a result of semantic extension
                              or specification (cf. German "Tier" and
                              its Scandinavian cognates with English
                              "deer", or the fact that Hungarian "állat"
                              a few centuries ago had a more general
                              meaning, something like "entity" or
                              "being") and that these developments might
                              be connected to cultural changes.</div>
                            <div>
                              <div>
                                <div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">--</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Universität Wien, Institut für
                                        Europäische und Vergleichende
                                        Sprach- und
                                        Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof
                                        7</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">A-1090 Wien</span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>•<span
                                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a></span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Project ELDIA:<span
                                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          href="http://www.eldia-project.org/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> </span></div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                                <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                  0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></div>
                              </div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
                            </div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                            <div>
                              <blockquote
                                style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                <div>
                                  <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                    0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hedvig
                                    Skirgård <<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>>
                                    kirjoitti 15.10.2018 kello 13.55:</div>
                                </div>
                                <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                  0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                <div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
                                      everyone, <span
                                        class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Queries
                                        like one David posed are often
                                        improved via more systematic
                                        data collection using a form. I
                                        suggested Google Forms because
                                        it's one of the most user
                                        friendly and familiar interfaces
                                        out there where David could set
                                        up a questionnaire and collect
                                        data on people's usage of words
                                        in their respective language,
                                        and also get systematic data on
                                        exactly what language they
                                        speaks.</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I'm
                                        not going to set this up for
                                        anyone else or compile the
                                        information in this thread, I'm
                                        merely suggesting that it a
                                        Google Form may be a productive
                                        way of going about this. <br
                                          clear="all">
                                      </div>
                                      <div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div>
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                                                          <div>
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                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga
                                                          hälsningar,</span></b></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings
                                                          of Linguistic
                                                          Diversity</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of
                                                          Excellence for
                                                          the Dynamics
                                                          of Language</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of
                                                          Culture,
                                                          History and
                                                          Language<br>
                                                          College of
                                                          Asia and the
                                                          Pacific</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian
                                                          National University</span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Website</a></span></div>
                                                          </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have
                                                          multiple email
                                                          addresses, I
                                                          kindly ask you
                                                          to just use
                                                          one with
                                                          corresponding
                                                          with me. Email
                                                          threads and
                                                          invites to get
                                                          confusing
                                                          otherwise. I
                                                          will only
                                                          email you from
                                                          my gmail, even
                                                          if other email
                                                          addresses
                                                          re-direct
                                                          emails to them
                                                          to my gmail
                                                          (ANU etc).</span></div>
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                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                    0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den
                                        mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 22:50 skrev
                                        Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <blockquote style="border-style:none
                                      none none
                                      solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm
                                      0cm 0cm
                                      6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
                                      <div>
                                        <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
                                          Hedvig,<span
                                            class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I
                                            am not myself into google,
                                            twitter, facebook, etc.
                                            beyond pressing 'like'
                                            buttons. If you wish to put
                                            the information on these
                                            platforms, too, please, do
                                            so, as long it does not
                                            distract from David's
                                            exploration.</div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best
                                            regards,</div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi</div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 15. okt.
                                                2018, at 13:21, Hedvig
                                                Skirgård <<a
                                                  moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com"
                                                  style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
                                                  target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>></div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:</div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                                              <br>
                                            </div>
                                            <blockquote
                                              style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                              <div>
                                                <div style="margin:0cm
                                                  0cm
                                                  0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">May
                                                  I suggest a google
                                                  form to be spread
                                                  around facebook and
                                                  twitter etc?<br
                                                    clear="all">
                                                </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga
                                                          hälsningar,</span></b></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
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style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span></div>
                                                          </div>
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                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings
                                                          of Linguistic
                                                          Diversity</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of
                                                          Excellence for
                                                          the Dynamics
                                                          of Language</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of
                                                          Culture,
                                                          History and
                                                          Language<br>
                                                          College of
                                                          Asia and the
                                                          Pacific</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian
                                                          National University</span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Website</a></span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
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                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have
                                                          multiple email
                                                          addresses, I
                                                          kindly ask you
                                                          to just use
                                                          one with
                                                          corresponding
                                                          with me. Email
                                                          threads and
                                                          invites to get
                                                          confusing
                                                          otherwise. I
                                                          will only
                                                          email you from
                                                          my gmail, even
                                                          if other email
                                                          addresses
                                                          re-direct
                                                          emails to them
                                                          to my gmail
                                                          (ANU etc).</span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                        </div>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                </div>
                                                <div style="margin:0cm
                                                  0cm
                                                  0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                              </div>
                                              <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                              <div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <div style="margin:0cm
                                                    0cm
                                                    0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den
                                                    mån 15 okt. 2018 kl
                                                    21:31 skrev Assibi
                                                    Apatewon Amidu <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no"
                                                      style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
                                                      target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
                                                </div>
                                                <blockquote
                                                  style="border-style:none
                                                  none none
                                                  solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm
                                                  0cm 0cm
                                                  6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div
                                                      style="margin:0cm
                                                      0cm
                                                      0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
                                                      David and all,<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Your
                                                        exploration is
                                                        very educative.
                                                        I cannot claim
                                                        to be able to
                                                        answer your
                                                        questions, but
                                                        here is a take
                                                        from Kiswahili.
                                                        In Kiswahili,
                                                        the
                                                        categorization
                                                        is as follows:</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
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                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">1.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mtu/Watu</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'being/s'
                                                        (Classes 1/2
                                                        M/WA) includes
                                                        human and other
                                                        animates. They
                                                        are
                                                        superordniate
                                                        terms which
                                                        subsume (2-3).</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mnyama/Wanyama</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'animal/s,
                                                        ±live' (Classes
                                                        1/2
                                                        M/WA) , (historically
                                                        undifferentiated
                                                        as<i><span
                                                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>nyama/nyama</i> of
                                                        classes 9/10,
                                                        N/N up to ends
                                                        of the 19th
                                                        century) which
                                                        subsume (3),
                                                        hence hypernym
                                                        to (3).</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">3.<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mdudu/Wadudu</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'insect/s,
                                                        crawler/s,
                                                        parasite/s, and
                                                        others,
                                                        ±live' (Classes
                                                        1/2 M/WA).</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This
                                                        gives us three
                                                        generic terms
                                                        for referring to
                                                        humans, animal,
                                                        insects and
                                                        other species
                                                        all the way to
                                                        microbes. (2-3)
                                                        are co-hyponyms
                                                        of (1). These
                                                        are not sharp
                                                        mutually
                                                        exclusive
                                                        categories.
                                                        Thus, centipede,
                                                        scorpion, etc.
                                                        are also types
                                                        of  (3), and
                                                        human, and other
                                                        animals, e.g.
                                                        hippo, can be
                                                        described as<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>wadudu</i>, or
                                                        better still
                                                        with the
                                                        augmentative<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dudu/madudu</i>,
                                                        depending on the
                                                        communication
                                                        intention of the
                                                        speaker, e,g,
                                                        how monstrous
                                                        they perceive
                                                        the
                                                        entity. Returning
                                                        to your list of
                                                        words, they
                                                        would fall under
                                                        (1-2), but
                                                        specifically
                                                        under (2) in
                                                        everyday usage.
                                                        For a quick, not
                                                        too detailed,
                                                        discussion,
                                                        kindly look at
                                                        chapter 2 of</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amidu,
                                                        A. A. (2007).<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Semantic
                                                          Assignement
                                                          Rules in
                                                          Kiswahili
                                                          Bantu Classes</i>. Köln: Rüdiger
                                                        Köppe Verlag. </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best
                                                        wishes,</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi</div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
                                                          14. okt. 2018,
                                                          at 08:11,
                                                          David Gil <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>></div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:</div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy,</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So
                                                          which of the
                                                          items in (1-8)
                                                          are covered by
                                                          Chinese<span
                                                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span
                                                          style="font-family:'MS
                                                          Gothic'">動物</span>),
                                                          ‘moving
                                                          thing’?</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">David</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On
                                                          14/10/2018
                                                          03:59, Randy
                                                          LaPolla wrote:</div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hi
                                                          David,<span
                                                          class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
                                                          categories as
                                                          you have them
                                                          (1-8) reflect
                                                          certain
                                                          cultural
                                                          conceptions,
                                                          and so won’t
                                                          be the same
                                                          for other
                                                          cultures. For
                                                          example, in
                                                          Chinese bats
                                                          were
                                                          traditionally
                                                          seen as flying
                                                          mice, and
                                                          lizards were
                                                          seen as
                                                          four-legged
                                                          snakes. </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
                                                          word in
                                                          Chinese that
                                                          we translate
                                                          as ‘animal’ is<span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span
class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span
                                                          style="font-family:'MS
                                                          Gothic'">動物</span>),
                                                          ‘moving
                                                          thing’. </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy</div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sent
                                                          from my iPhone</div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                                                          On 14 Oct
                                                          2018, at 12:33
                                                          AM, David Gil
                                                          <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">Dear
                                                          all,</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">I
                                                          am interested
                                                          in exploring,
                                                          cross-linguistically,
                                                          the semantic
                                                          range of words
                                                          that
                                                          correspond
                                                          more or less
                                                          to the English
                                                          word "animal".</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">Here
                                                          are examples
                                                          of the things
                                                          that English
                                                          "animal"
                                                          refers to:</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">1.
                                                          dog, kangaroo,
                                                          lizard, frog
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">2.
                                                          eagle,
                                                          sparrow,
                                                          chicken, bat
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">3.
                                                          bee, scorpion,
                                                          spider,
                                                          centipede ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">4.
                                                          crab, shrimp
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">5.
                                                          worm, leech
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">6.
                                                          starfish,
                                                          jellyfish,
                                                          squid, octopus
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">7.
                                                          oyster, clam
                                                          ...</span></div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">8.
                                                          sponge (?) ...</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">I
                                                          am looking for
                                                          examples of
                                                          languages in
                                                          which the
                                                          basic word
                                                          closest to
                                                          English
                                                          "animal" is
                                                          nevertheless
                                                          different in
                                                          its coverage. 
                                                          In particular,
                                                          I would like
                                                          to find
                                                          instances — if
                                                          such exist —
                                                          of languages
                                                          in which there
                                                          is a basic
                                                          word that
                                                          covers the
                                                          examples in
                                                          1-4 (or maybe
                                                          1-5) to the
                                                          exclusion of
                                                          those in 5-8
                                                          (or maybe
                                                          6-8).   (Note
                                                          that the
                                                          question
                                                          concerns
                                                          every-day
                                                          words that
                                                          reflect our
                                                          naive folk
                                                          biological
                                                          knowledge, not
                                                          with
                                                          scientific
                                                          terms in those
                                                          few languages
                                                          that have such
                                                          terminology.)</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">Some
                                                          words of
                                                          background:  A
                                                          colleague and
                                                          I working in
                                                          experimental
                                                          cognitive
                                                          science have
                                                          found
                                                          (non-linguistic)
                                                          empirical
                                                          evidence for
                                                          the
                                                          psychological
                                                          reality of an
                                                          ontological
                                                          category that
                                                          consists
                                                          roughly of
                                                          animals of the
                                                          kind
                                                          exemplified in
                                                          1-4 (and
                                                          possibly also
                                                          5).  We are
                                                          calling this
                                                          category
                                                          "higher
                                                          animals".  The
                                                          characteristic
                                                          prototypical
                                                          features of
                                                          higher animals
                                                          include a
                                                          single axis of
                                                          symmetry, the
                                                          existence of
                                                          head, torso
                                                          and limbs, a
                                                          face in the
                                                          front of the
                                                          head that
                                                          includes
                                                          sensory organs
                                                          such as eyes,
                                                          and a mouth
                                                          for eating,
                                                          and the
                                                          ability to
                                                          move forward
                                                          in the
                                                          direction that
                                                          the head is
                                                          facing.  A
                                                          challenge that
                                                          we face is
                                                          that, in the
                                                          (few)
                                                          languages that
                                                          we are
                                                          familiar with,
                                                          there is no
                                                          simple word
                                                          for higher
                                                          animals.  But
                                                          we are hoping
                                                          that other
                                                          languages
                                                          might have
                                                          such a word. 
                                                          in addition,
                                                          we would also
                                                          welcome
                                                          grammatical
                                                          evidence for
                                                          the category
                                                          of higher
                                                          animals, for
                                                          example in the
                                                          form of
                                                          grammatical
                                                          rules that are
                                                          sensitive to
                                                          the animacy
                                                          hierarchy by
                                                          making
                                                          reference to a
                                                          cut-off point
                                                          between higher
                                                          and other
                                                          animals.</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">I
                                                          look forward
                                                          to your
                                                          responses. 
                                                          Thanks,</span></div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
                                                          lang="EN-US">David</span></div>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
                                                          Lingtyp
                                                          mailing list<br>
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
                                                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:0cm
                                                          0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
                                                          Lingtyp
                                                          mailing list<br>
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
                                                          style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
                                                        </blockquote>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:0cm
                                                        0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div style="margin:0cm
                                                    0cm
                                                    0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
                                                    Lingtyp mailing list<br>
                                                    <a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                                      style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
                                                      target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
                                                    <a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
                                                      style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline"
                                                      target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
                                                </blockquote>
                                              </div>
                                            </blockquote>
                                          </div>
                                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                                        </div>
                                      </div>
                                    </blockquote>
                                  </div>
                                  <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                                    0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
                                    Lingtyp mailing list<br>
                                    <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
                                    <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
                                </div>
                              </blockquote>
                            </div>
                            <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                              0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </div>
                          </div>
                          <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                            0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                            <br>
                            <br>
                          </div>
                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></pre>
                          <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
                        </blockquote>
                        <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                          <br>
                        </div>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                        <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                          0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                          <br>
                          <br>
                        </div>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></pre>
                        <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
                      </blockquote>
                      <div style="margin:0cm 0cm
                        0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
                        <br>
                      </div>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Martin Haspelmath (<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)</pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10  </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-07745 Jena  </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">&</pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Leipzig University</pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Institut fuer Anglistik </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">IPF 141199</pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-04081 Leipzig    </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                      <pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
                    </div>
                    <span
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);float:none;display:inline!important">_______________________________________________</span><br
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
                    <span
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);float:none;display:inline!important">Lingtyp
                      mailing list</span><br
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
                    <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"
                      target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
                    <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"
                      target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br
style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
              <br>
              <div>
                <span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-style-span"
style="border-collapse:separate;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
                  <div>
                    <div>Ian Maddieson</div>
                    <div><br>
                    </div>
                    <div>Department of Linguistics</div>
                    <div>University of New Mexico</div>
                    <div>MSC03-2130</div>
                    <div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
                    <div><br>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                  <div><br>
                  </div>
                </span><br
                  class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-interchange-newline">
              </div>
              <br>
            </div>
          </div>
          _______________________________________________<br>
          Lingtyp mailing list<br>
          <a moz-do-not-send="true"
            href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
            target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
          <a moz-do-not-send="true"
            href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
            rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
        </blockquote>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10   
D-07745 Jena  
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik 
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig    





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