<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>I think that Ian and Martin may be talking past each other somewhat here. I think that they have different meanings of "questionnaire" (reading grammars or searching through corpora and systematically cataloguing the information into a sheet could be seen as filling out a questionnaire), but I'll leave that to Ian and Martin to work out. I also appreciate Östen's attention to the impact of the phrasing of questions to informants, I think that's a very good point.</div><div><br></div><div>Another resource that David could make use of is the recently released Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications (CLICS) from the CLLD-project and CALC/DLCE group at MPI-SHH. It contains info on co-lexification, and can display information in network graphs. Here are some relevant graphs:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Animal</div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_619</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Insect</div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_620</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Bird</div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_937</a></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt"><b><br></b></span></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Med vänliga hälsningar</b><b>,</b><br></font></p><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><b><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Hedvig Skirgård</font></b></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><br></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font size="1"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0)">PhD Candidate</span><br></font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</font></span></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">School of Culture, History and Language<br>College of Asia and the Pacific</font></p><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">The Australian National University</font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#666666" size="1"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank">Website</a><br></font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</font></p><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><br></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">Den tis 16 okt. 2018 kl 08:46 skrev Ian Maddieson <<a href="mailto:ianm@berkeley.edu">ianm@berkeley.edu</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style="word-wrap:break-word">Hi Martin,<div><br></div><div>I find it a very bizarre claim to say that questionnaires are the ONLY way that cross-linguistic research can be carried out.</div><div>Sure, using a questionnaire can be a useful tool for certain purposes, but consulting dictionaries, articles and grammars, </div><div>analyzing texts, analyzing recordings, conducting experiments and so on are all possible ways of doing cross-linguistic</div><div>research. </div><div><br></div><div>In the context of the present discussion, the referential scope of "animal”-words might emerge more reliably from looking</div><div>at large bodies of text to infer actual usage than from even a very well-designed questionnaire. Of course, large bodies of</div><div>text are only available from a small sample of languages, and processing the data is non-trivial!</div><div><br></div><div>Ian</div><div><br></div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Oct 15, 2018, at 2:21 PM, Östen Dahl <<a href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>> wrote:</div><br class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-interchange-newline"><div><div class="m_-8097236364991341234WordSection1" style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Dear Martin,<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Since Hedvig did not really specify what the questionnaires should look like, could you make more precise what you mean by “questionnaires of the sort proposed by Hedvig”? Also, are you saying that one cannot carry out cross-linguistic research by corpus work or psycholinguistic experiments or by reading grammars?<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">I think that some caution is necessary when constructing a questionnaire to compare how words like “animal” are used. There may well be a conflict between perceived norms and actual usage. Direct questions such as “What does X mean?” or “Is X a Y?” may yield answers which are biased towards the former.<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Östen<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><div><div style="border-style:solid none none;border-top-color:rgb(225,225,225);border-top-width:1pt;padding:3pt 0cm 0cm"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>Från:</b><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>För<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin Haspelmath<br><b>Skickat:</b><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>den 15 oktober 2018 15:40<br><b>Till:</b><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><b>Ämne:</b><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] query: "animal"<u></u><u></u></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In fact, questionnaires of the sort proposed by Hedvig and endorsed by David are the ONLY way in which cross-linguistic research can be carried out.<br><br>There is no contradiction at all between lists of comparison meanings (like David's original list of 8 organism types) and the recognition that languages "function" differently.<br><br>In order to express how a language "functions" (= in order to describe a language), one needs descriptive categories, and these may well involve prototypes.<br><br>In order to find out what languages have in common, one needs comparative concepts (for lexical concepts: comparison meanings, e.g. the concept-sets in the Concepticon<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters</a>).<br><br>One should avoid the mistake of thinking that a mapping from language facts to comparative concepts is a description, or the opposite mistake of thinking that descriptive categories would necessarily be useful for comparison.<br><br>(Sorry for belabouring this methodological point, but it seems to come up again and again...)<br><br>Best,<br>Martin<u></u><u></u></p><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 15.10.18 15:03, David Gil wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><p>In response to the latest posting by Johanna, I think there is widespread agreement that the meanings of words exhibit the kind of internal structuring that is usefully represented in terms of prototypes. But this does not preclude the need for adequate descriptions of what is included — protypically, less prototypically, marginally, or not at all — in the extension of words such as "animal" and its putative counterparts across languages. And questionnaires have proven to be a useful tool for gathering this kind of data — it's quite easy to formulate a questionnaire in such a way that it will elicit judgements of prototypicality (as opposed to categorical "black-and-white" judgements).<u></u><u></u></p><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 15/10/2018 14:49, Johanna Laakso wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear All,<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to be honest, I don't believe that languages function with clear categories for concepts like "animal". More probably, there is something like a prototypical "core" for "animalness" (or many of them, if there are many categories corresponding to "animal"), surrounded by grey zones and depending on contexts, styles, subcultures, etc.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My own anecdotal experience (which first caught my attention years ago, when working on a translation job): in Estonian, "loomad ja linnud" (‘animals and birds’, implying that ‘birds’ are a category distinct from ‘animals’) seems to be a pretty frequent expression (more than 60,000 Google hits). As a native speaker of Finnish, I find the Finnish equivalent expression, "eläimet ja linnut", less natural or not as idiomatic and acceptable as the Estonian one; it does occur but clearly less frequently than in Estonian (13,700 Google hits), and according to my intuition, the Finnish ‘bird’ is a borderline case – birds might be "animals" or "not-animals", depending on context and use. I'm also pretty sure that many other Finnish speakers might see this differently.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, I have great doubts concerning the use of questionnaires for gathering data. Or, at least, the questionnaire should be very carefully planned, to accommodate vagueness and fuzzy or overlapping categories.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Johanna<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PS. Note also that terms for animals in many languages are greatly affected by taboos. And that the term ‘animal’ in itself is often a derivative (Finnish eläin = "living thing", Estonian loom = "creature", Hungarian állat = "standing thing") or a result of semantic extension or specification (cf. German "Tier" and its Scandinavian cognates with English "deer", or the fact that Hungarian "állat" a few centuries ago had a more general meaning, something like "entity" or "being") and that these developments might be connected to cultural changes.<u></u><u></u></div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">--<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Universität Wien, Institut für Europäische und Vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof 7<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">A-1090 Wien<u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>•<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Project ELDIA:<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.eldia-project.org/" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> <u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård <<a href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>> kirjoitti 15.10.2018 kello 13.55:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear everyone, <span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Queries like one David posed are often improved via more systematic data collection using a form. I suggested Google Forms because it's one of the most user friendly and familiar interfaces out there where David could set up a questionnaire and collect data on people's usage of words in their respective language, and also get systematic data on exactly what language they speaks.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I'm not going to set this up for anyone else or compile the information in this thread, I'm merely suggesting that it a Google Form may be a productive way of going about this. <br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga hälsningar,</span></b><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of Culture, History and Language<br>College of Asia and the Pacific</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian National University</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Website</a></span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 22:50 skrev Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="border-style:none none none solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear Hedvig,<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I am not myself into google, twitter, facebook, etc. beyond pressing 'like' buttons. If you wish to put the information on these platforms, too, please, do so, as long it does not distract from David's exploration.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best regards,<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 15. okt. 2018, at 13:21, Hedvig Skirgård <<a href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">May I suggest a google form to be spread around facebook and twitter etc?<br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga hälsningar,</span></b><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of Culture, History and Language<br>College of Asia and the Pacific</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian National University</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Website</a></span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Den mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 21:31 skrev Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="border-style:none none none solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear David and all,<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Your exploration is very educative. I cannot claim to be able to answer your questions, but here is a take from Kiswahili. In Kiswahili, the categorization is as follows:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">1.<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mtu/Watu</i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'being/s' (Classes 1/2 M/WA) includes human and other animates. They are superordniate terms which subsume (2-3).<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2.<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mnyama/Wanyama</i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'animal/s, ±live' (Classes 1/2 M/WA) , (historically undifferentiated as<i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>nyama/nyama</i> of classes 9/10, N/N up to ends of the 19th century) which subsume (3), hence hypernym to (3).<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">3.<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Mdudu/Wadudu</i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>'insect/s, crawler/s, parasite/s, and others, ±live' (Classes 1/2 M/WA).<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This gives us three generic terms for referring to humans, animal, insects and other species all the way to microbes. (2-3) are co-hyponyms of (1). These are not sharp mutually exclusive categories. Thus, centipede, scorpion, etc. are also types of (3), and human, and other animals, e.g. hippo, can be described as<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>wadudu</i>, or better still with the augmentative<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dudu/madudu</i>, depending on the communication intention of the speaker, e,g, how monstrous they perceive the entity. Returning to your list of words, they would fall under (1-2), but specifically under (2) in everyday usage. For a quick, not too detailed, discussion, kindly look at chapter 2 of<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amidu, A. A. (2007).<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Semantic Assignement Rules in Kiswahili Bantu Classes</i>. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assibi<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 14. okt. 2018, at 08:11, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy,<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So which of the items in (1-8) are covered by Chinese<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span style="font-family:'MS Gothic'">動物</span>), ‘moving thing’?<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">David<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 14/10/2018 03:59, Randy LaPolla wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hi David,<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The categories as you have them (1-8) reflect certain cultural conceptions, and so won’t be the same for other cultures. For example, in Chinese bats were traditionally seen as flying mice, and lizards were seen as four-legged snakes. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word in Chinese that we translate as ‘animal’ is<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dòngwù</i><span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span style="font-family:'MS Gothic'">動物</span>), ‘moving thing’. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Randy<u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sent from my iPhone<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>On 14 Oct 2018, at 12:33 AM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">I am interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic range of words that correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Here are examples of the things that English "animal" refers to:</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">1. dog, kangaroo, lizard, frog ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">2. eagle, sparrow, chicken, bat ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">3. bee, scorpion, spider, centipede ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">4. crab, shrimp ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">5. worm, leech ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">6. starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">7. oyster, clam ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">8. sponge (?) ...</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">I am looking for examples of languages in which the basic word closest to English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage. In particular, I would like to find instances — if such exist — of languages in which there is a basic word that covers the examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8 (or maybe 6-8). (Note that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our naive folk biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few languages that have such terminology.)</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Some words of background: A colleague and I working in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic) empirical evidence for the psychological reality of an ontological category that consists roughly of animals of the kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5). We are calling this category "higher animals". The characteristic prototypical features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry, the existence of head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the head that includes sensory organs such as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to move forward in the direction that the head is facing. A challenge that we face is that, in the (few) languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for higher animals. But we are hoping that other languages might have such a word. in addition, we would also welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals, for example in the form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy hierarchy by making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other animals.</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">I look forward to your responses. Thanks,</span><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">David</span><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></div></div></blockquote></div></blockquote><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></div></blockquote></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></div></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></pre></blockquote><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><u></u><u></u></pre></blockquote><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">-- <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10 <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-07745 Jena <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">&<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Leipzig University<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">Institut fuer Anglistik <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">IPF 141199<u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'">D-04081 Leipzig <u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:'Courier New'"><u></u> <u></u></pre></div><span style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);float:none;display:inline!important">_______________________________________________</span><br style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);float:none;display:inline!important">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color:purple;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br style="font-family:Times-Roman;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"></div></blockquote></div><br><div>
<span class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div><div>Ian Maddieson</div><div><br></div><div>Department of Linguistics</div><div>University of New Mexico</div><div>MSC03-2130</div><div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div><div><br></div></div><div><br></div></span><br class="m_-8097236364991341234Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote></div>