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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Dear all, </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">For some published discussions around these matters, we can for instance look at:</p>
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<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span><span
style='mso-ansi-language:FR'>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY </span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->François,
Alexandre. <span lang="EN-US">2008. Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.),
<i>From polysemy to semantic change</i>, 163–215. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">And also a related review article (which even mentions the question of animals, p. 192).</p>
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<span lang="EN-US">McConvell, Patrick & Maïa Ponsonnet. 2013. Review of From polysemy to semantic change (Vanhove 2008). <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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I have attached both pieces for convenience.
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Kind regards, </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Maïa</p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Ian Maddieson <ianm@berkeley.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, 16 October 2018 5:45 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Östen Dahl; Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] query: "animal"</font>
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word">Hi Martin,
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I find it a very bizarre claim to say that questionnaires are the ONLY way that cross-linguistic research can be carried out.</div>
<div class="">Sure, using a questionnaire can be a useful tool for certain purposes, but consulting dictionaries, articles and grammars, </div>
<div class="">analyzing texts, analyzing recordings, conducting experiments and so on are all possible ways of doing cross-linguistic</div>
<div class="">research. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">In the context of the present discussion, the referential scope of "animal”-words might emerge more reliably from looking</div>
<div class="">at large bodies of text to infer actual usage than from even a very well-designed questionnaire. Of course, large bodies of</div>
<div class="">text are only available from a small sample of languages, and processing the data is non-trivial!</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Ian</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
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<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Oct 15, 2018, at 2:21 PM, Östen Dahl <<a href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk197890" previewremoved="true">oesten@ling.su.se</a>> wrote:</div>
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<span class="">Dear Martin,</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US" class="">Since Hedvig did not really specify what the questionnaires should look like, could you make more precise what you mean by “questionnaires of the sort proposed by Hedvig”? Also, are you saying that one cannot carry out cross-linguistic
research by corpus work or psycholinguistic experiments or by reading grammars?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">I think that some caution is necessary when constructing a questionnaire to compare how words like “animal” are used. There may well be a conflict between perceived norms and actual usage. Direct questions such as “What does X mean?”
or “Is X a Y?” may yield answers which are biased towards the former.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">Östen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div>
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<b class="">Från:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk55907" previewremoved="true">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">För<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin
Haspelmath<br class="">
<b class="">Skickat:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>den 15 oktober 2018 15:40<br class="">
<b class="">Till:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk454921" previewremoved="true">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Ämne:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] query: "animal"</div>
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In fact, questionnaires of the sort proposed by Hedvig and endorsed by David are the ONLY way in which cross-linguistic research can be carried out.<br class="">
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There is no contradiction at all between lists of comparison meanings (like David's original list of 8 organism types) and the recognition that languages "function" differently.<br class="">
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In order to express how a language "functions" (= in order to describe a language), one needs descriptive categories, and these may well involve prototypes.<br class="">
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In order to find out what languages have in common, one needs comparative concepts (for lexical concepts: comparison meanings, e.g. the concept-sets in the Concepticon<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk683716" previewremoved="true">https://concepticon.clld.org/parameters</a>).<br class="">
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One should avoid the mistake of thinking that a mapping from language facts to comparative concepts is a description, or the opposite mistake of thinking that descriptive categories would necessarily be useful for comparison.<br class="">
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(Sorry for belabouring this methodological point, but it seems to come up again and again...)<br class="">
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Best,<br class="">
Martin</p>
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On 15.10.18 15:03, David Gil wrote:</div>
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<p class="">In response to the latest posting by Johanna, I think there is widespread agreement that the meanings of words exhibit the kind of internal structuring that is usefully represented in terms of prototypes. But this does not preclude the need for
adequate descriptions of what is included — protypically, less prototypically, marginally, or not at all — in the extension of words such as "animal" and its putative counterparts across languages. And questionnaires have proven to be a useful tool for gathering
this kind of data — it's quite easy to formulate a questionnaire in such a way that it will elicit judgements of prototypicality (as opposed to categorical "black-and-white" judgements).</p>
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On 15/10/2018 14:49, Johanna Laakso wrote:</div>
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Dear All,<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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to be honest, I don't believe that languages function with clear categories for concepts like "animal". More probably, there is something like a prototypical "core" for "animalness" (or many of them, if there are many categories corresponding to "animal"),
surrounded by grey zones and depending on contexts, styles, subcultures, etc.</div>
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My own anecdotal experience (which first caught my attention years ago, when working on a translation job): in Estonian, "loomad ja linnud" (‘animals and birds’, implying that ‘birds’ are a category distinct from ‘animals’) seems to be a pretty frequent expression
(more than 60,000 Google hits). As a native speaker of Finnish, I find the Finnish equivalent expression, "eläimet ja linnut", less natural or not as idiomatic and acceptable as the Estonian one; it does occur but clearly less frequently than in Estonian (13,700
Google hits), and according to my intuition, the Finnish ‘bird’ is a borderline case – birds might be "animals" or "not-animals", depending on context and use. I'm also pretty sure that many other Finnish speakers might see this differently.</div>
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Therefore, I have great doubts concerning the use of questionnaires for gathering data. Or, at least, the questionnaire should be very carefully planned, to accommodate vagueness and fuzzy or overlapping categories.</div>
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Best</div>
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Johanna</div>
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PS. Note also that terms for animals in many languages are greatly affected by taboos. And that the term ‘animal’ in itself is often a derivative (Finnish eläin = "living thing", Estonian loom = "creature", Hungarian állat = "standing thing") or a result of
semantic extension or specification (cf. German "Tier" and its Scandinavian cognates with English "deer", or the fact that Hungarian "állat" a few centuries ago had a more general meaning, something like "entity" or "being") and that these developments might
be connected to cultural changes.</div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">--</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Universität Wien, Institut für Europäische und Vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof 7</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk759612" previewremoved="true">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>•<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk787096" previewremoved="true">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Project ELDIA:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.eldia-project.org/" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk728017" previewremoved="true">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> </span></div>
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Hedvig Skirgård <<a href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk86114" previewremoved="true">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>> kirjoitti 15.10.2018 kello 13.55:</div>
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Dear everyone, <span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Queries like one David posed are often improved via more systematic data collection using a form. I suggested Google Forms because it's one of the most user friendly and familiar interfaces out there where David could set up a questionnaire and collect data
on people's usage of words in their respective language, and also get systematic data on exactly what language they speaks.</div>
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I'm not going to set this up for anyone else or compile the information in this thread, I'm merely suggesting that it a Google Form may be a productive way of going about this. <br clear="all" class="">
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<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga hälsningar,</span></b></div>
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<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of Culture, History and Language<br class="">
College of Asia and the Pacific</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian National University</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk531324" previewremoved="true">Website</a></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my
gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</span></div>
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Den mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 22:50 skrev Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk423187" previewremoved="true">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
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Dear Hedvig,<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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I am not myself into google, twitter, facebook, etc. beyond pressing 'like' buttons. If you wish to put the information on these platforms, too, please, do so, as long it does not distract from David's exploration.</div>
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Best regards,</div>
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Assibi</div>
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On 15. okt. 2018, at 13:21, Hedvig Skirgård <<a href="mailto:hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk386" previewremoved="true">hedvig.skirgard@gmail.com</a>></div>
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wrote:</div>
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May I suggest a google form to be spread around facebook and twitter etc?<br clear="all" class="">
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<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Med vänliga hälsningar,</span></b></div>
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<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hedvig Skirgård</span></b></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">PhD Candidate</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Wellsprings of Linguistic Diversity</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">School of Culture, History and Language<br class="">
College of Asia and the Pacific</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The Australian National University</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk628516" previewremoved="true">Website</a></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">P.S. If you have multiple email addresses, I kindly ask you to just use one with corresponding with me. Email threads and invites to get confusing otherwise. I will only email you from my
gmail, even if other email addresses re-direct emails to them to my gmail (ANU etc).</span></div>
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Den mån 15 okt. 2018 kl 21:31 skrev Assibi Apatewon Amidu <<a href="mailto:assibi.amidu@ntnu.no" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk372884" previewremoved="true">assibi.amidu@ntnu.no</a>>:</div>
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Dear David and all,<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Your exploration is very educative. I cannot claim to be able to answer your questions, but here is a take from Kiswahili. In Kiswahili, the categorization is as follows:</div>
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1.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Mtu/Watu</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>'being/s' (Classes 1/2 M/WA) includes human and other animates. They are superordniate terms which subsume (2-3).</div>
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2.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Mnyama/Wanyama</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>'animal/s, ±live' (Classes 1/2 M/WA) , (historically undifferentiated as<i class=""><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>nyama/nyama</i> of
classes 9/10, N/N up to ends of the 19th century) which subsume (3), hence hypernym to (3).</div>
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3.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Mdudu/Wadudu</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>'insect/s, crawler/s, parasite/s, and others, ±live' (Classes 1/2 M/WA).</div>
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This gives us three generic terms for referring to humans, animal, insects and other species all the way to microbes. (2-3) are co-hyponyms of (1). These are not sharp mutually exclusive categories. Thus, centipede, scorpion, etc. are also types of (3), and
human, and other animals, e.g. hippo, can be described as<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">wadudu</i>, or better still with the augmentative<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">dudu/madudu</i>, depending on the
communication intention of the speaker, e,g, how monstrous they perceive the entity. Returning to your list of words, they would fall under (1-2), but specifically under (2) in everyday usage. For a quick, not too detailed, discussion, kindly look at chapter
2 of</div>
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Amidu, A. A. (2007).<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Semantic Assignement Rules in Kiswahili Bantu Classes</i>. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. </div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Assibi</div>
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On 14. okt. 2018, at 08:11, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk209599" previewremoved="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>></div>
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wrote:</div>
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Randy,</div>
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So which of the items in (1-8) are covered by Chinese<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">dòngwù</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span class="" style="font-family:'MS Gothic'">動物</span>), ‘moving thing’?</div>
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David</div>
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On 14/10/2018 03:59, Randy LaPolla wrote:</div>
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Hi David,<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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The categories as you have them (1-8) reflect certain cultural conceptions, and so won’t be the same for other cultures. For example, in Chinese bats were traditionally seen as flying mice, and lizards were seen as four-legged snakes. </div>
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The word in Chinese that we translate as ‘animal’ is<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">dòngwù</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span class="" style="font-family:'MS Gothic'">動物</span>), ‘moving thing’. </div>
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Randy</div>
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Sent from my iPhone</div>
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On 14 Oct 2018, at 12:33 AM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk776798" previewremoved="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</p>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">Dear all,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">I am interested in exploring, cross-linguistically, the semantic range of words that correspond more or less to the English word "animal".</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">Here are examples of the things that English "animal" refers to:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">1. dog, kangaroo, lizard, frog ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">2. eagle, sparrow, chicken, bat ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">3. bee, scorpion, spider, centipede ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">4. crab, shrimp ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">5. worm, leech ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">6. starfish, jellyfish, squid, octopus ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">7. oyster, clam ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">8. sponge (?) ...</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">I am looking for examples of languages in which the basic word closest to English "animal" is nevertheless different in its coverage. In particular, I would like to find instances — if such exist — of languages in which there is
a basic word that covers the examples in 1-4 (or maybe 1-5) to the exclusion of those in 5-8 (or maybe 6-8). (Note that the question concerns every-day words that reflect our naive folk biological knowledge, not with scientific terms in those few languages
that have such terminology.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">Some words of background: A colleague and I working in experimental cognitive science have found (non-linguistic) empirical evidence for the psychological reality of an ontological category that consists roughly of animals of the
kind exemplified in 1-4 (and possibly also 5). We are calling this category "higher animals". The characteristic prototypical features of higher animals include a single axis of symmetry, the existence of head, torso and limbs, a face in the front of the
head that includes sensory organs such as eyes, and a mouth for eating, and the ability to move forward in the direction that the head is facing. A challenge that we face is that, in the (few) languages that we are familiar with, there is no simple word for
higher animals. But we are hoping that other languages might have such a word. in addition, we would also welcome grammatical evidence for the category of higher animals, for example in the form of grammatical rules that are sensitive to the animacy hierarchy
by making reference to a cut-off point between higher and other animals.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" class="">I look forward to your responses. Thanks,</span></div>
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<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US" class="">David</span></div>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk249626" previewremoved="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
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<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk566384" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk986196" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
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</blockquote>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
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<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk393470" previewremoved="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk825500" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk961579" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
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<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk276571" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk63499" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
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</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk845522" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk720834" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
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<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk929659" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk507858" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
</blockquote>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<br class="">
<br class="">
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<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">David Gil</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk568459" previewremoved="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
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<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">_______________________________________________</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk799980" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk258626" previewremoved="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
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<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<br class="">
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<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">-- </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk968115" previewremoved="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Kahlaische Strasse 10 </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">D-07745 Jena </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">&</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Leipzig University</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">Institut fuer Anglistik </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">IPF 141199</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'">D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:'Courier New'"> </pre>
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<span class="" style="font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255); float:none; display:inline!important">_______________________________________________</span><br class="" style="font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
<span class="" style="font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255); float:none; display:inline!important">Lingtyp
mailing list</span><br class="" style="font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline; font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" id="LPlnk474663" previewremoved="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="" style="font-family:Times-Roman; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
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<div class="">Ian Maddieson</div>
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<div class="">Department of Linguistics</div>
<div class="">University of New Mexico</div>
<div class="">MSC03-2130</div>
<div class="">Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
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