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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>On typological (and historical) variation in the syntax of Bantu applicative forms (including with and without adpositions), I recommend the following dissertation:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Pacchiarotti, Sara.</b> 2016. <i>Bantu Applicative Construction Types Involving *-Id: Form, Functions and Diachrony.</i> University of Oregon: PhD dissertation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Partial Abstract: <o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal>This dissertation first addresses various shortcomings in definitions of "applicative" when compared to what is actually found across languages. It then proposes a four-way distinction among applicative constructions, relevant at least to Bantu […]. Because of the gradual nature of historical change, differences among construction types may be somewhat graded. In what are called Type A applicative constructions, the applicative morpheme expands the argument structure of its root by introducing an obligatorily present applied phrase. This expansion might result, but need not, in increased syntactic valence of the derived verb stem. […] In Type B applicative constructions, the applicative expands the argument structure of its root by introducing an obligatorily present applied phrase and performs other semantic/pragmatic functions on the applied phrase or on the whole clause (e.g. the applied phrase becomes the narrow-focused constituent in the clause). As in Type A, syntactic valence might be increased, but need not be. In Type C applicative constructions, the applicative does not introduce an applied phrase. Instead, it provides semantic nuances to the lexical meaning of its root [ …] Fourthly, in Pseudo-applicative constructions, the applicative morpheme found on a lexicalized stem does not introduce an applied phrase and does not perform semantic and/or pragmatic functions described for Type B and Type C. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Peter Austin<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 17, 2018 9:39 AM<br><b>To:</b> Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath@shh.mpg.de><br><b>Cc:</b> <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG> <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Applicative and preposition<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Languages like Balinese and Ngeno-ngene Sasak have constructions that look similar to the applicatives of Bantu etc. in that they involve an affix on the verb and an "added" direct argument, and are alternatives to constructions where the same nominal element is expressed in a prepositional phrase (as an instrument, beneficiary, location etc). However, in both cases, the added/promoted argument is NOT an 'object' but rather a syntactic pivot (= subject) just like the "P-like" argument of a transitive verb. Thus, we are not talking about "promotion to object" but rather "promotion to pivot/subject".<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Is this still an applicative construction?<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Peter<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Wed, 17 Oct 2018 at 17:29, Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal>But note that "P-like object" is not the same as "primary/direct" object.<br><br>Beck (2009) cites the following example of a "non-direct applicative" in Temne (an Atlantic language of Sierra Leone, data from S. Kanu):<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>(<i>a</i>) </span><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ɔ</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>-langba </span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ɔ <b>ləm </b>ʌŋ-</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>sar </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'><br>def-man 3sg.sub throw def-stone</span><br>‘the man throws the stone’<o:p></o:p></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>(<i>b</i>) </span><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ɔ</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>-langba </span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ɔ <b>ləm</b></span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>-</span><b><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ʌnɛ </span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ʌŋ-</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>sar </span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ʌ-</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'>lan</span></i><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Phonetic",serif'>ϑ</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"TimesEis",serif'><br>def-man 3sg.sub throw-APPL def-stone indef-sling <br>‘the man throws the stone with a sling’ </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Here the added instrument P-like because it is coded (flagged/indexed) in the same way as a P-argument ('stone' in the first example).<br><br>Now one might want to say that 'sling' is a "secondary object" in (b), but this can be done only on language-specific grounds (cf. David Beck's formulation: "... can be shown to distinguish primary from secondary objects").<br><br>Thus, "non-direct applicative" cannot be a general comparative concept that is applicable to all languages.<br><br>Beck (2009: 540) says that 'sling' in (b) is an "oblique object", but only on language-particular grounds ("syntactic relations in Temne are indicated by constituent ordering, and the oblique status of the applied object is marked by its separation from the verb by the direct object"). As a general comparative concept, the term "oblique" can only be defined as 'a nominal that is not marked like S, A or P', i.e. with respect to the kinds of argument-marking devices that can be identified uniformly in all languages.<br><br>As Eitan noted (referring to Witzlack-Makarevich & Bickel): There are multiple "argument selectors" that one could look at, but only the coding elements (flags and indexes) are readily comparable across languages and can serve as a basis for defining comparative terms like "applicative".<br><br>Martin<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 17.10.18 17:44, David Beck wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Hi, all <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>It seems to me that restricting the definition of “applicative” to a verbal morpheme that adds a “P-like” or (better) “primary or direct” object misses some cases that I, for one, would definitely want to call “applicative” and also misses out on a taxonomic distinction that could be made in the general discussion of valency-increasing affixes that I’ve suggested in an article from IJAL (Beck 2009). There I note that just as subject/Agent adding morphology (i.e., causatives) can either add a P-like (or, better, primary or direct) object, there are cases of morphemes that add P-like (primary/direct) objects to a verb’s valency and others that add not-P-like (secondary/indirect) objects. I would be inclined to call either of the latter type an applicative, perhaps the first type a “direct” and the second a “non-direct” applicative. Cases of non-direct applicatives would be Temne (Kanu 2011) and Upper Necaxa Totonac (Beck 2016), neither of which have complex case systems but both of which can be shown to distinguish primary from secondary objects. I wouldn’t be surprised if people working on languages with nominal case could think of morphemes that add new event-participants to the valency of a clause that are coded with non-direct cases.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>David<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Beck, David. 2009. A taxonomy and typology of Lushootseed valency-increasing suffixes. International Journal of American Linguistics 75, 533–569.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Beck, David. 2016. Uniqueness and grammatical relations in Upper Necaxa Totonac. Linguistics 54, 59–118.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Kanu, Sullay Mohamed. 2012. Valence-increasing morphology in Temne. Edmonton: University of Alberta dissertation.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Oct 17, 2018, at 9:04 AM, Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>I think the answer to Adam's question is that a construction is an applicative only if the new object is coded like the P-argument of a basic transitive construction.<br><br>Thus, Simon Musgrave's example (1c) from Taba (based on Bowden 2001) is an (instrumental) applicative:<br><br>npun-ak kolay peda<br>kill-APPL snake machete<br><br>But when the instrument 'machete' has its instrumental preposition (ada peda 'with a machete'), it is not an applicative, from a typological perspective (= as a comparative concept).<br><br>There is no "official" definition of the (typological) term "applicative", of course, but it is my understanding that most people use the term in this way. The Wikipedia article reflects this by speaking about promotion to "(core) object": <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice</a>.<br><br>(Maria Polinsky's WALS article is vague and speaks just about "increasing the number of object arguments by one", without making precise what is meant by "object", <a href="https://wals.info/chapter/109" target="_blank">https://wals.info/chapter/109</a>. But her examples and the discussion make it clear that she means objects coded like P-arguments.)<br><br>This does not mean, of course, that the description of Taba should not use the term "Applicative" for the suffix -ak in all cases – but this would be a language-specific descriptive category, somewhat like Dative is used in Russian-type languages also when the case in question is not used in its definitional function (recipient of 'give').<br><br>Best,<br>Martin<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 17.10.18 16:45, Adam James Ross Tallman wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'>Hello,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'>I know of some phenomena that is similar to this (I think) in Chácobo and other languages. But I have a question about terminology here. Why is it still an applicative if a (n oblique?) postposition is marked on the "promoted" argument? What are the criteria that identify it as "promoted" in this case (non-repeatability, position in clause etc...). Or is there some type of semantic criterion at work here?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'>best,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130'>Adam <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Wed, Oct 17, 2018 at 9:36 AM Françoise Rose <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr" target="_blank">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>Dear Simon,</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>Thanks for your query, it’s very interesting. </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>I just gave a talk at SWL8 on an applicative construction of Mojeño that is correlated with the presence of verbal classifiers that refer to a location. When such a verbal classifier is present, the “coreferential” NP can be expressed as an object rather than an oblique (i.e. it loses its preposition, as in the second example below). Interestingly, there is some variation. The preposition can be maintained in the locative phrase, even when the verbal classifier is present, but there is then no valency change (so the construction does not count as an applicative). Intransitive verbs take a 3<sup>rd</sup> person subject t-prefix, while transitive verbs take some semantically more specific prefixes for 3<sup>rd</sup> person when the object is third person also (as in the second example). So this case is not exactly what you were looking for, but the presence of three alternates here is interesting: the construction of example 3 could well be an intermediate step in the development of the applicative effect of classifiers.</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=612 style='width:459.05pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr style='height:25.55pt'><td width=262 valign=top style='width:196.55pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>t-junopo=po</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=108 valign=top style='width:80.85pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>te</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=108 valign=top style='width:80.85pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>to</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=134 valign=top style='width:1.4in;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>smeno</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:25.55pt'><td width=262 valign=top style='width:196.55pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>3-run=pfv</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=108 valign=top style='width:80.85pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>prep</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=108 valign=top style='width:80.85pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>art.nh</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=134 valign=top style='width:1.4in;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:25.55pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>woods</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:37.85pt'><td width=612 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:459.05pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:37.85pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>'S/he ran <b>to/in/from</b> the woods.'</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=596 style='width:447.0pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=359 valign=top style='width:269.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a name="m_3201426596706798135_m_5483397821248079"><span style='color:#1F497D'>ñi-jumpo<b>-je</b>-cho</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=128 valign=top style='width:96.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>to</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=109 valign=top style='width:82.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>smeno</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=359 valign=top style='width:269.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>3m-run<b>-clf:interior</b>-act</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=128 valign=top style='width:96.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>art.nh</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=109 valign=top style='width:82.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>woods</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=596 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:447.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>S/he runs <b>inside</b> the woods.</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=707 style='width:530.0pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=368 valign=top style='width:276.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>t-jumpo<b>-je</b>-cho</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>te</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=129 valign=top style='width:97.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>to</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=109 valign=top style='width:82.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>smeno</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=368 valign=top style='width:276.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>3-run<b>-clf:interior</b>-act</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>prep</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=129 valign=top style='width:97.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>art.nh</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=109 valign=top style='width:82.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>woods</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style='height:22.35pt'><td width=707 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:530.0pt;padding:.75pt 5.75pt 0in 5.75pt;height:22.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>S/he ran inside the woods.</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>The slides from my presentation can be downloaded from SWL8 website.</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:#1F497D'>Very best,</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Françoise ROSE</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Directrice de Recherches 2<sup>ème</sup> classe, CNRS</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage (CNRS/Université Lyon2)</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>16 avenue Berthelot</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>69007 Lyon</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>FRANCE</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>(33)4 72 72 64 63</span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F4E79'><a href="http://www.ddl.cnrs.fr/ROSE" target="_blank">www.ddl.cnrs.fr/ROSE</a></span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=FR>De :</span></b><span lang=FR> Lingtyp [mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>] <b>De la part de</b> Simon Musgrave<br><b>Envoyé :</b> mercredi 17 octobre 2018 07:16<br><b>À :</b> <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><b>Objet :</b> [Lingtyp] Applicative and preposition<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Dear Lingtyp members,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR><br>I am posting this query on behalf of one of my PhD students. We will post a summary of responses in due course.<br><br>From existing studies of applicatives, only two Austronesian languages, Taba and Indonesian, have been documented to unexpectedly retain a preposition when an applicative affix is used to promote a previously non-core object to core. <br>Bowden, in his grammatical description of Taba (2001), states that it is possible for the same idea to be expressed using three possibilities. Firstly, that the third entity is introduced by a preposition, secondly that the applied object is marked by an applicative morpheme and thirdly that the applied object can be marked by an applicative morpheme and preposition, as the following examples show. <br><br>(1)a. Ahmad npun kolay <br> Ahmad 3SG=kill snake <br> ‘Ahmad killed a snake.’ <br><br>b. Ahmad npun kolay ada peda PREPOSITION<br> Ahmad 3SG=kill snake with machete <br> ‘Ahmad killed a snake with a machete.’ <br><br>c. Ahmad npunak kolay peda APPLICATIVE<br> Ahmad 3SG=kill-APPL snake machete <br> ‘Ahmad killed a snake with a machete.’ <br><br> d. Ahmad npunak kolay ada peda BOTH<br> Ahmad 3SG=kill-APPL snake with machete <br> ‘Ahmad killed a snake with a machete.’ (2001:204)<br><br><br>Sometimes Indonesian clauses with applicative verbs suffixed with –kan retain the preposition directly following the verb when it is expected to have been lost according to conventional grammar rules, as shown in 2. <br><br>(2)a. Yang penting saya sangat men-cinta-i Sandy <br> REL important 1SG very meN.love.APPL Sandy <br> dan meny-enang-kan atas semua ke-jadi-an itu <br> meN-senang-kan <br> and meN-pity-APPL on all event that <br> ‘What is important is that I love Sandy and regret everything that happened.’ (Musgrave 2001:156)<br><br> b. Kami juga sudah mem-bicara-kan dengan pem-erintah pusat<br> 2PL also already meN-talk-APPL with government central<br> di Jakarta soal rencana men-ambah beasiswa Jerman<br> in Jakarta matter plan meN-increase scholarship German<br> untuk Indonesia… <br> for Indonesia <br> ‘We have also spoken with the central government in Jakarta about the plan to increase German scholarships to Indonesia.’ (Quasthoff & Gottwald 2012: indmix_565272)<br><br><br>Previous studies of Indonesian have noted the co-occurrence of applicatives and prepositions and have usually made passing comments often speculating that this feature is prevalent in non-standard Indonesian. <br><br>Our query is whether any list subscribers know of other languages which show this phenomenon and has anyone written about it? <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Thanks in advance for any information which you can share!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Best, Simon<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=FR><br>References <br>Bowden, John. 2001. Taba: Description of a South Halmahera language. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br>Musgrave, Simon. 2001. Non-subject arguments in Indonesian. The University of Melbourne. (PhD thesis).<br>Quasthoff, Uwe & Sebastian Gottwald. 2012. Leipzig corpus collection. (Ed.) Uwe Quasthoff & Gerhard Heyer. University of Leipzig. <a href="http://corpora2.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/" target="_blank">http://corpora2.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR><br>-- <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span lang=FR style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222'>-- </span><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=FR>Simon Musgrave </span></b><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=FR>Lecturer<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=FR>School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics</span></b><span lang=FR><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Monash University<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>VIC 3800<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>T: +61 3 9905 8234 <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>E: <a href="mailto:name.surname@monash.edu" target="_blank">simon.musgrave@monash.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR><a href="http://monash.edu/" target="_blank">monash.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=FR>Secretary, Australasian Association for the Digital Humanities (<a href="http://aa-dh.org/" target="_blank">aaDH</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=FR><br><a href="http://profiles.arts.monash.edu.au/simon-musgrave/" target="_blank">Official page</a><br><br><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>-- <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Adam J.R. Tallman</span> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Investigador del Museo de Etnografía y Folklore, la Paz</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>PhD, UT Austin</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Kahlaische Strasse 10 <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-07745 Jena <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>&<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Leipzig University<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Institut fuer Anglistik <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>IPF 141199<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-04081 Leipzig <o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Kahlaische Strasse 10 <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-07745 Jena <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>&<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Leipzig University<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Institut fuer Anglistik <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>IPF 141199<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-04081 Leipzig <o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>-- <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Prof Peter K. Austin<br>Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>MA Convenor (Term 1, 2018-19)<br>Foundation Editor, EL Publishing<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Treasurer, Philological Society<br>Department of Linguistics, SOAS<br>Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square<br>London WC1H 0XG<br>United Kingdom<br><br>Homepage: <a href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff30592.php" target="_blank">https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff30592.php</a><br>Publishing: <a href="http://elpublishing.org/" target="_blank">http://elpublishing.org/</a><br>Training: <a href="http://el-training.org" target="_blank">http://el-training.org</a><br>Blog: <a href="http://el-blog.org" target="_blank">http://el-blog.org</a><br>Humanities Commons: <a href="https://hcommons.org/members/pkaustin/" target="_blank">https://hcommons.org/members/pkaustin/</a><br>Academia: <a href="https://soas.academia.edu/PeterAustin" target="_blank">https://soas.academia.edu/PeterAustin</a><br>ResearchGate: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Austin2" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Austin2</a><br>ResearcherID: <a href="http://www.researcherid.com/rid/P-5066-2014" target="_blank">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/P-5066-2014</a><br>ORCID: <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-0524" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-0524</a><br>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/peterkaustin" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/peterkaustin</a><br>Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pkaustin" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/pkaustin</a><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>