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<div>(Apologies for multiple postings)</div>

</div><div><br></div><div>Hi all,</div><div><br></div><div>This is a reminder about a workshop session at the next SLE in Leipzig.</div><div dir="ltr"><br><div><br></div><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Phonological (in)stability and language evolution</font></span></p><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">SLE Workshop proposal</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Convenors: Eitan Grossman & Steven Moran</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The aim of this workshop is to explore the stability and instability of sound patterns, understood here as the set of phonetic and phonological properties of languages. The inherent stability of linguistic properties  is a crucial component of any explanation of cross-linguistic and language-specific distributions, alongside considerations such as the number, frequency, and complexity of diachronic sources and developmental pathways (Greenberg 1978, Harris 2008) on the one hand, and the likelihood of diffusion from speaker to speaker or language to language, on the other. </font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In particular, the question of stability is an important one because linguists often draw inferences about human language on the basis of a sample, whether small and biased or large and balanced in terms of area and genealogy. Specifically, it would be ideal if linguists could infer the universal probability (or ‘learnability’) of a linguistic type from the empirical frequency of that type (Cysouw 2011). The possibility to draw valid inferences of this sort depends, however, to a large extent on some version of the uniformitarian assumption, i.e., the idea that ‘human languages have always been pretty much the same in terms of the typological distribution of the units that compose them’ (Newmeyer 2002).</font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The uniformitarian assumption has been called into question in a number of ways. For example, Maslova (2000) argued that the assumption of a stationary distribution, such that the present-day distribution of linguistic properties in the world’s languages, is independent of an initial state, and cannot be maintained. As a result, it becomes crucial to directly target transition probabilities between types (see also Dunn et al. 2011, Cysouw 2011, Bickel 2015). Greenberg (1978) observed that particular distributions might indicate different degrees of inherent stability. Nichols (1992, 2003) and Wichmann & Holman (2009) provide concrete measures of the relative stability of cross-linguistically comparable properties. Of the 137 properties examined, 19 deal with sound patterns, which show varying degrees of stability. For example, consonant inventories are rated as ‘very unstable,’ while tone is ‘very stable.’ While these studies provide us with a big picture of the relative stability of a number of properties, as well as some methodological foundations, we are still far from understanding the relative stability of a wide range of sound patterns. In particular, many aspects of (in)stability are potentially invisible to particular methodologies. For example, it may be the case that the phonetic precursors of, e.g., three-way length distinctions or prenasalized stops distinctions, are frequently innovated by speakers yet are not phonologized. Such frequent but evancescent innovations were envisioned already by Greenberg (1978), who predicted that they would be relatively frequent in languages and distributed relatively evenly among genealogical stocks.</font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Some proposals have been made about the inherent stability or instability of particular sound patterns. For example, Jacques (2011) argues that aspirated fricatives, despite the multiplicity of diachronic sources, are inherently unstable, due to their tendency to merge with other sounds. Dediu and Cysouw (2013) find that the feature [round] is unstable, i.e. hard to get and easy to lose. Blevins (2008) proposes that three-way vowel nasality distinctions, as in Palantla Chinantec, or three-way length distinctions, as in Estonian, Saami, or Dinka, may be inherently unstable, and tend to be eradicated by sound change. On the other hand, coronal places of articulation for consonants seem to be especially stable, since total coronal loss is vanishingly rare (Blevins 2009). Moran and Verkerk (2018) find that consonants and vowels change at different rates, albeit not uniformly across language families; these findings may point to broad differences between consonant inventories and vowel inventories in terms of stability.</font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">A crucial issue in studying the stability of sound patterns is the need to tease apart the relative contributions of - and interactions between - inheritance, on the one hand, and areal effects, on the other. For example, it has recently been argued that affricate-dense inventories are inherently unstable in Eurasia, and tend to simplify unless supported areally (Nikolaev & Grossman 2018). </font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Sound patterns are an especially exciting domain for the study of stability, thanks to the possibility of experimental modelling (Ohala 1995, Silverman 2006). Another exciting avenue for studies of stability involve the comparison between the abundant data on reconstructed phonologies of proto-languages, on the one hand, and on present-day phonologies, on the other (see, e.g., Marsico et al. 2018, Moran & Verkerk 2018). Phonological areas provide yet another fascinating domain for research on phonological (in)stability, to the extent that they can reveal differential, areally-conditioned, patterns of innovation, loss, and retention. Furthermore, they allow a detailed examination of simple persistence vs. ‘merry-go-round’ areal stability, in which sound patterns diffuse from language to language.</font></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:36pt;text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Finally, it may be that particular types of sound pattern are ‘attractors,’ i.e., any state that is easier to enter or acquire than to leave or lose, and/or easier to retain than lose (Nichols 2018). This is essentially a matter of stability, although it is not clear to what extent the notion of attractor is explanatory, or requires, in turn, more primitive explanations.</font></span></p><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">We </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">invite</span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> proposals for 20-minute talks that explore the stability of particular sound pattern types and on any of the following (or related) questions:</span></font></p><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><ul style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">How can the notion of ‘stability’ be defined and operationalized?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">What are the units of analysis in the study of phonological stability (phonemes, oppositions, features, etc.)?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">What are the differences between present-day distributions of sound patterns and earlier distributions, whether at a global level, at a macro-areal level, or at a micro-areal level?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Can differential rates of change for different types of sound patterns be identified, and if so, what explanations explain these differences?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Are different patterns of (in)stability found in different parts of the world or at different stages in the evolution of human language?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">What light can experimental phonetics and phonology shed on (in)stability?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">What light can modelling shed on (in)stability?</font></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">What are the causal links between facts of human physiology and cognition, on the one hand, and the (in)stability of sound patterns?</font></span></p></li></ul><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">To submit an abstract, please email a </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">PDF</span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> (200 words max, plus references) to Eitan Grossman <</span><a style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</span></a><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">> by </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">November 11</span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. </span></font></p><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">This workshop is intended to take part at the annual meeting of the SLE (Leipzig, 21-24 August), so it will first go through a preliminary round of evaluation. If the workshop proposal is successful, the participants will be asked to submit a full abstract.</font></span></p><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Important dates:</font></span></p><ul style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">Internal deadline workshop proposal: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">November 11</span></font></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">Notification of inclusion in the workshop: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">November 16</span></font></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">Notification of acceptance for workshop: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">December 15</span></font></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="margin-left:15px;list-style-type:disc;background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">Deadline submission full abstract if workshop proposal is successful: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline">15 January</span></font></p></li></ul><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></font><p dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><font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