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<p>Hebrew has something very close to the kind of morphological
discord you're looking for. First, some background ...<br>
</p>
<p>Hebrew verbal morphology makes use of so-called binyanim,
mostly-derivational morphological paradigms that express
categories of voice, aksionsart and others. Hebrew has 7 such
binyanim. Of these 7, 4 form two pairs productively related to
each other as active and passive, where the passive is
characterized by, among others, the presence of a "-u-a-" vocalic
pattern. For example, the root k-t-b 'write' forms the basis for
among others (the cited forms are all past 3rd person singular
feminine):<br>
</p>
<p>(1) kitev 'address' (act) ~ kutav 'address' (pass)</p>
<p>(2) hixtiv 'dictate' (act) ~ huxtav 'dictate' (pass)</p>
<p>A 5th binyan expresses various medial categories such as, among
others, reflexive, or in the case of k-t-b, reciprocal</p>
<p>(3) hitkatev 'write to each other'</p>
<p>Now consider the root p-t-r, which, among other things, means
'fire' (as in 'force a subordinate to stop working for one').
Exhibiting the same binyan as in (1) we have</p>
<p>(4) piter 'fire' (act) ~ putar 'fire (pass)</p>
<p>And exhibiting the same binyan as in (3), this time with a
medial/reflexive meaning, we have <br>
</p>
<p>(5) hitpater 'resign'</p>
<p>So much for the background, now for the fun bit. For this
specific root, and for one particular context, Hebrew recently
innovated, in what seems to be a playful, almost jocular manner,
an 8th binyan, derived by blending the medial binyan in (5) with
the passive binyan in (4):</p>
<p>(6) hitputar</p>
<p>The meaning too is a blend of medial and passive, applied to
those not uncommon situations in which politicians are forced to
submit their resignation: officially, the politicians are
resigning of their own free will, but in practice they are being
fired.<br>
</p>
<p>To the extent that this innovative binyan constitutes a blend of
two pre-existing binyanim, this would seem to constitute an
instance of morphological discord, in that the first part of the
word comes from the medial binyan while the second part comes from
the passive binyan.</p>
<p>As far as I know, this innovated binyan applies just to the
single root p-t-r, though I wouldn't be surprised if it extends,
or perhaps already has extended, to other roots.<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 27/11/2018 09:15, Jeff Siegel wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:AF11737B-B7D0-4AAD-A2DF-39928CDAD08D@une.edu.au">
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear colleagues,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">People sometimes use morphological discord
for joking or stylistic effect – e.g. “Let’s went”
(popularised by Poncho in the 1950s TV series
<i>The Cisco Kid</i>) and this heading on an internet
discussion list: “3D TV, I has one…I likes it” (perhaps
derived from the speech of Gollum/Sméagol in
<i>Lord of the Rings</i>).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’m interested in whether such
morphological discord can be conventionalised in a language
with a particular meaning or function.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What led me to this interest is a structure
in Nama, a Papuan language of Southern New Guinea. In Nama,
the S argument of a stative verb is indexed by a prefix
indicating person and number – normally singular (<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">sg)
</span>vs non-singular (<span style="font-variant:small-caps">nsg</span>).
For non-singular referents, dual number is distinguished from
plural by a suffix
<i>-(a)re</i>. For example:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>áuyè <b>y</b>-wakái </i>[cassowary <b>3<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-</span>stand<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">] ‘</span>a cassowary is
standing’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>áuyè e-wakái </i>[cassowary <span
style="font-variant:small-caps">
3nsg-</span>stand<span style="font-variant:small-caps">] ‘</span>several
cassowaries are standing’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>áuyè e-wakái-<b>are</b></i><b> </b>[cassowary
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">
3nsg-</span>stand-<b><span style="font-variant:small-caps">du</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">] ‘</span>two cassowaries
are standing’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But in apparent morphological discord, a
singular prefix can co-occur with the dual suffix. The
resultant meaning can be that of large plural – e.g.:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>áuyè <b>y</b>-wakái-<b>are</b></i>
[cassowary <b>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-</span>stand-<b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">du</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">]
<b>‘</b></span><b>very many cassowaries are standing’</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or it can be that the state lasted for a
long time – e.g.:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>kètè <b>wè</b>-mor-ang </i>[there 1<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">sg-</span>stay-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">inceptive] ‘</span>I stayed
there’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>kètè yèn-mor-ang </i>[there <span
style="font-variant:small-caps">
1nsg-</span>stay-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">inceptive]
‘</span>we (3+) stayed there’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>kètè yèn-mor-ang-<b>re</b> </i>[there <span
style="font-variant:small-caps">
1nsg-</span>stay-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">inceptive-<b>du</b>]
‘</span>we (2) stayed there’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>kètè <b>wè</b>-mor-ang-<b>re</b></i> [<b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">1sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-</span>stay-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">inceptive-<b>du</b>]
<b>‘</b></span><b>I stayed there a long time’</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The same phenomenon occurs with the copula
(<i>-re</i> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
du</span>, <i>-m</i> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">nd
[</span>nondual]), but with other possible interpretations –
indicating that the S is small or alone:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>yáf kèrtè <b>y</b>-m</i> [basket heavy
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">
3sg-cop.nd] ‘</span>the basket is heavy’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>yáf kèrtè e-m</i> [basket heavy <span
style="font-variant:small-caps">
3nsg-cop.nd] ‘</span>several baskets are heavy’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>yáf kèrtè e-<b>re</b></i> [basket heavy
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">
3nsg-cop.<b>du</b>] ‘</span>the 2 baskets are heavy’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>yáf kèrtè <b>y</b>-<b>re</b></i>
[basket heavy <b>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-<b>cop.du</b>]
<b>‘</b></span><b>the small basket is heavy’</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>ambum mèngon <b>y</b>-m</i> [child
house.in <b>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-cop.nd] ‘</span>the child
is alone in the house’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>ambum mèngon e-<b>re</b></i> [child
house.in <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
3nsg-<b>cop.du</b>] ‘</span>the 2 children are in the house’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>ambum mèngon <b>y</b>-<b>re</b></i>
[child house.in <b>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span></b><span
style="font-variant:small-caps">-<b>cop.du</b>]
<b>‘</b></span><b>the child is alone in the house’</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This combination of <span
style="font-variant:small-caps">sg
</span>and <span style="font-variant:small-caps">du</span> is
clearly used to express a variety of meanings, but they have
the common thread of referring to something unusual (in Nama
culture or in the context of a narrative). However, these
constructions are extremely rare, and the meanings they have
are normally expressed in other ways. These facts have led me
to wonder if they originated from morphological discord being
used as a stylistic device, with meanings that became
conventionalised.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My question is: Are there examples in other
languages that could be evidence of morphological discord
being used for particular functions or meanings?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sorry for such a long post,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Jeff Siegel</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
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