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--></style></head><body bgcolor=white lang=JA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Dear Kazuha,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> Regarding “mikki: mausu-ga i-ru!”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> This is difficult. <i>i-ru </i>may be OK, but it does not seem to sound perfectly right.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> <i>ar-u </i>may be OK, but it seems to sound less good than <i>i-ru.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> My tentative conclusion is as follows: neither <i>i-ru</i> nor <i>ar-u</i> sounds perfectly right, but <i>i-ru</i> seems to sound better than <i>ar-u.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tasaku Tsunoda<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"lr oSVbN","serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>送信元</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> ("Watanabe, Kazuha" <kwatanabe@fullerton.edu> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>の代理</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>)<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日付</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>2018</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>年</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>11</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>月</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>28</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日水曜日</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> 1:53<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>宛先</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>件名</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Re: [Lingtyp] animacy hierarchy: exceptions based on shape<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=divtagdefaultwrapper><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Dear David and Tasaku,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> I am also a native speaker of Japanese, and agree with Tasaku's intuition for most of the part. However, I can totally imagine myself uttering sentence such as "Look! There is Micky Mouse" using <i>i-ru</i> ("mikki: mausu-ga i-ru!") when I found a tree that cut into the shape of Micky Mouse. I would not say "mikki: mausu-ga a-ru!" in this context. I would consider this Micky Mouse-shaped tree "human-like statue". <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> I would love to hear if Tasaku shares similar intuition as mine. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div id=Signature><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Kazuha Watanabe<br>Associate Professor<br>Department of Modern Languages and Literatures<br>California State University, Fullerton<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></span></div><div id=divRplyFwdMsg><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of TasakuTsunoda <tasakutsunoda@nifty.com><br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, November 27, 2018 5:08 AM<br><b>To:</b> David Gil; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] animacy hierarchy: exceptions based on shape</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><div><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Dear David,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> I am a native speaker of Japanese.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> In my idiolect, for <i>robotto </i>‘robot’, both <i>i-ru </i>and <i>ar-u </i>are acceptable. It seems to me that <i>i-ru</i> indicates that the robot moves and probably it is moving now, but that <i>ar-u </i>indicates that the robot does not – and possibly cannot – move for the time being. </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> Yes, you are right. A human-like statue could never take <i>i-ru.</i></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> But I am not certain if my intuition is shared by other native speakers of Japanese.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Best wishes,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>Tasaku Tsunoda</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>送信元</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> (David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>の代理</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>)<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日付</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>2018</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>年</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>11</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>月</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>27</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日火曜日</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> 4:27<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>宛先</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>件名</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>[Lingtyp] animacy hierarchy: exceptions based on shape<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I am looking for examples of exceptions to the animacy hierarchy that are motivated by the shape or other spatial configurational properties of the relevant referents.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The animacy hierarchy is primarily of an ontological nature; shape doesn't usually matter. A slug is animate even though its shape is ill-defined and amorphous, while a stone statue is inanimate even if it represents an identifiable person. </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>What would such a shape-based exception to the animacy hierachy look like? In Japanese (according to Wikipedia, I hope this is right), there are two verbs of existence, <i>iru</i> for animates, <i>aru</i> for inanimates, but <i>robotto</i> ('robot') can occur with either of the two: while <i>iru</i> entails "emphasis on its human-like behavior", <i>aru</i> entails "emphasis on its status as a nonliving thing". This description seems to suggest that it's the robot's sentience that is of relevance, not its human shape: presumably, even if the robot assumed the form of a sphere with blinking lights, if its behaviour were sufficiently humanlike it could take <i>iru</i> (speakers of Japanese: is this correct?). On the other hand, I'm guessing that a human-like statue could never take <i>iru </i>(is this correct?). So if my factual assumptions about Japanese are correct, the distribution of <i>iru</i> and <i>aru</i> does not offer a shape-based exception to the animacy hierarchy. A bona-fide shape-based exception to the animacy hierarchy would be one in which all human-shaped objects </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Arial;color:black'>—</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> robots, dolls, statues, whatever </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Arial;color:black'>—</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> behaved like humans with respect to the relevant grammatical property. Or conversely, a case in which an animate being that somehow managed to assume the form of a typical inanimate object would be treated as inanimate.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Arial;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I would like to claim that such shape-based exceptions to the animacy hierarchy simply do not exist, but I am running this past the collective knowledge of LINGTYP members first, to make sure I'm not missing out on anything.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Arial;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='color:black'>More generally, it seems to be the case that grammar doesn't really care much about shapes. The closest thing to grammaticalized shape that I can think of is numeral classifiers, which typically refer to categories such as "elongated object", "small compact object", and so forth. But these straddle the boundary between grammar and lexicon, and, more importantly, are typically organized paradigmatically, rather than hierarchically, as is the case for animacy categories. </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>-- <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>David Gil<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" id=LPlnk579449>gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><p class=xmsonormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>