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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">See<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Palatino Linotype",serif">Rie Obe and Hartmut Haberland 2018. [</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Palatino Linotype",serif">Review of] Naomi Ogi (2017), Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse: Interactive
Markers. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Palatino Linotype",serif">Nordic Journal of Linguistics</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Palatino Linotype",serif"> 41(1): 117-128<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(for Japanese and Scandinavian – minus Icelandic – and references to other languages).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Hartmut Haberland</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
Professor emeritus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><img width="100" height="42" style="width:1.0416in;height:.4375in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://intra.ruc.dk/fileadmin/assets/adm/campusit/ruc.png" alt="RUC"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
<br>
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Roskilde University</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
Department of Communication and Arts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Universitetsvej 1<br>
DK-4000 Roskilde<br>
Telephone: +45 46742841<br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>Vladimir Panov<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 4. december 2018 17:03<br>
<b>Til:</b> LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Emne:</b> [Lingtyp] common background particles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear collegues,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">In some languages of Europe (e.g. Russian and German) there are special markers ("particles") that have among their core functions the one of "reminding" the hearer of some common background information that s/he is expected to share with
the speaker.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Russian:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">S1: Magazin zakryt.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> shop closed<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> The shop is closed<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">S2: Konečno, segodnia <i>že</i> voskresen'je<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> of.course today PRT Sunday<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">In Russian, <i>že</i> has some other prominent functions as well. A very similar meaning is also provided by the sentence-initial
<i>ved'</i> ("common ground" is its core meaning). For German, the particles <i>ja
</i>and, to a certain extent, <i>doch</i> are often descirbed in similar terms. For both German and Russian, these particles have been extensively studied.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Markers having this meaning as at least one of the prominent ones are found in many languages the Circum-Baltic region, Eastern and Northern Europe, Finno-Ugric languages of the European part of Russia. However, they seem to be rare or
even absent in Romance languages (but are present in Latin), the rest of West Germanic languages and in the Balkans. Arguably, the overt marking of this meaning may be considered an areal feature of this particular macroregion.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I would like to ask if anyone is aware of languages beyond Europe that have this type of markers. I am mostly interested in the rest of Eurasia, but not only.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thank you,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Vladimir Panov<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">(Vilnius University / Russian Academy of Sciences)<o:p></o:p></p>
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