Dear Everyone,<div>I will add to this to the above discussion. In Mandain Chinese,especially in the Mandarin Chinese, this is a phenomenea which I suppose could also counted as "biclausal -> monoclausal".There is one word tag question interjcetion, prounced as "ha"(哈). It typical use is attached to an utternace,requesting confirmation or agreement.For example,</div><div> Ni3 chi1 fan4 le,ha?</div><div> you eat meal ASP,tag(tag question)</div><div> ä½ åƒé¥äº†ï¼Œå“ˆï¼Ÿ</div><div> you have eaten your meal,haven't you?</div><div><br></div><div>or “jin1 tian1 tian1 qi4 bu2 cuo4,ha?â€</div><div> today, sky air not bad,tag</div><div> 今天天气ä¸é”™ï¼Œå“ˆï¼Ÿ</div><div> today,the weather is good, isn't it?</div><div>In this example there is a very ovbious pauase,between the two clasue.Altough ha is just one word, it should be counted as a clause, just like the Canadian English "eh" ,or the tag question in English.</div><div><br></div><div>But nowadays, more more people accept now pause between the two clause, prounced as:</div><div><br></div><div> ni3 chi1 fan4 le ha. </div><div>I assumen you have eaten your meal</div><div><br></div><div>jin1 tian1 tian1 qi4 bu2 cuo4 ha.</div><div>It is a good day( I assume you would say so)</div><div><br></div><div>So "ha"(哈) in these cases are more like an epistemic utterance final partilce, losing its interrogative meaning.</div><div><br></div><div>can this emergent use of ha included into the biclusal to monoclausal trend? are there any more this changse in other languages or some references?</div><div><br></div><div>Best regards!</div><div><br><br><br><span>--<br>周士å®<div>ZHOU, Shihong</div></span><br><blockquote name="replyContent" style="padding-left:5px;margin-left:5px;border-left:#b6b6b6 2px solid;margin-right:0">-----原始邮件-----<br>
<b>å‘件人:</b><span id="rc_from">"stephen morey" <moreystephen@hotmail.com></span><br>
<b>å‘é€æ—¶é—´:</b><span id="rc_senttime">2018-12-03 10:19:10 (星期一)</span><br>
<b>收件人:</b> "Bill Palmer" <bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au>, "Jorge Rosés Labrada" <jrosesla@ualberta.ca>, "haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" <haspelmath@shh.mpg.de><br>
<b>抄é€:</b> "list, typology" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>主题:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Universal trend: biclausal -> monoclausal?<br><br>
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Dear Everyone,</div>
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I'll add to this, I'm also a native speaker of English, and I also think that 'I want to not make a mistake' is perfectly fine.</div>
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It is even better for me, however, if I say something like 'I very much want to not make a mistake'</div>
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As a slight digression, many years ago in India, after several hours of blackout, I remember saying "I am thinking that the line will not come" (Line = electricity) and at that moment the power came on! In Australia I would have said "I don't think the power
will come." (except that we don't get quite as many blackouts here).</div>
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Stephen</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, 3 December 2018 1:05 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Jorge Rosés Labrada; <a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> list, typology<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Universal trend: biclausal -> monoclausal?</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Hi Martin</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">I’m a native speaker of English and “I want to not make a mistake†is absolutely fine, not even borderline or questionable for me.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Best</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Bill</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jorge Rosés Labrada<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, 1 December 2018 2:07 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> list, typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Universal trend: biclausal -> monoclausal?</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Dear Martin,<br>
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Regarding your negability test, I am a non-native speaker of English so take this with a grain of salt but your “I want[/would like] to not make [any] mistake[s]†doesn’t sound so bad to me (perhaps with some emphatic intonation on the negator).
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And a collocation with a modal “could†and two negators (e.g. “I could not not comeâ€) is totally possible for me (with some emphatic intonation on the second negator). It seems like at least in the COCA corpus, this is attested (n=10):</p>
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Best,<br>
Jorge </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Assistant Professor, Indigenous Language Sustainability</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Department of Linguistics</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Tel: <a href="tel:(+1)%20780-492-5698" target="_blank">(+1) 780-492-5698</a></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><a href="mailto:jrosesla@ualberta.ca" target="_blank">jrosesla@ualberta.ca</a> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><b>The University of Alberta acknowledges that we are located on Treaty 6 territory, and respects the history, languages, and cultures of the First Nations, Métis, Inuit, and all First Peoples of Canada, whose presence continues to enrich
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">On Nov 30, 2018, at 5:01 AM, Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">On 29.11.18 00:30, Adam James Ross Tallman wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">It seems to be generally true that biclausal structures can become monoclausal structures over time and not the reverse.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">This is indeed an interesting observation that has not been discussed very widely, I think. Harris & Campbell (1995) (in their book on diachronic syntax) discuss such phenomena at some length, but they don't seem to explain the unidirectionality.
So it would be nice to see a convincing explanation.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">But in order to make this claim fully testable, one needs a general definition of "clause", and I don't know of a very good definition. My working definition is in terms of negatability: If a structure that contains two verbs can be negated
in two different ways, it's biclausal, but otherwise it's monoclausal:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">She was able [to do it]. (biclausal)</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">(She was not able to do it / She was able not to do it)</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">She could do it. (monoclausal)</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">(She could not do it – there is no contrast between "she could [not do it]" and "she could not [do it]")</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">This indicates that "want" clauses are monoclausal in English, because "I want to not make a mistake" sounds bad. But the judgements are subtle, and one may perhaps even have something like "The king ordered the non-destruction of the
city" (vs. "The king didn't order the distruction of the city", which is normally considered monoclausal).</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">So the negation criterion isn't very good, but I know of no better way of distinguishing in general between monoclausal and biclausal constructions.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Martin</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">-- </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Kahlaische Strasse 10 </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">D-07745 Jena</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">&</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Leipzig University</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Institut fuer Anglistik</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">_______________________________________________</p>
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