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<DIV>S1: Magazin zakryt.</DIV>
<DIV> shop
closed</DIV>
<DIV> The shop is closed <EM>*Il negozio è
ben chiuso, *Le magazin (c’)est bien fermé</EM></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>S2: Konečno, segodnia <I>že</I> voskresen'je</DIV>
<DIV> of.course
today PRT Sunday</DIV>
<DIV> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.
<EM>= Naturalmente, oggi è <U>ben</U> domenica, Certes, aujourd’hui c’est
<U>bien</U> dimanche </EM></DIV>
<DIV><EM></EM> </DIV>
<DIV>For German, the particles <I>ja </I>and, to a certain extent, <I>doch</I>
are often descirbed in similar terms: <EM>and also
<STRONG>wohl</STRONG></EM>.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Best wishes,</DIV>
<DIV>P.Rt.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">Prof.Paolo
Ramat<BR>Università di Pavia (retired)<BR>Istituto Universitario di Studi
Superiori (IUSS Pavia, retired)</DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">Editor-in-Chief
of the “Archivio Glottologico Italiano”<BR>Societas Linguist. Europ., Honorary
Member<BR>Academia Europaea</DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000"><BR>Piazzetta
Arduino 11<BR>I – 27100 Pavia<BR>##39 347 044 98 44 (port.)<BR>##39 0382 27 0 27
(home)</DIV>
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<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=panovmeister@gmail.com
href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com">Vladimir Panov</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, December 04, 2018 5:03 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org
href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> [Lingtyp] common background particles</DIV></DIV></DIV>
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<DIV dir=ltr>Dear collegues,
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>In some languages of Europe (e.g. Russian and German) there are special
markers ("particles") that have among their core functions the one of
"reminding" the hearer of some common background information that s/he is
expected to share with the speaker.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Russian:</DIV>
<DIV>S1: Magazin zakryt.</DIV>
<DIV> shop
closed</DIV>
<DIV> The shop is closed</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>S2: Konečno, segodnia <I>že</I> voskresen'je</DIV>
<DIV> of.course
today PRT Sunday</DIV>
<DIV> Of course, (you know that) today is
Sunday.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>In Russian, <I>že</I> has some other prominent functions as well. A very
similar meaning is also provided by the sentence-initial <I>ved'</I> ("common
ground" is its core meaning). For German, the particles <I>ja </I>and, to a
certain extent, <I>doch</I> are often descirbed in similar terms. For both
German and Russian, these particles have been extensively studied.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Markers having this meaning as at least one of the prominent ones are found
in many languages the Circum-Baltic region, Eastern and Northern Europe,
Finno-Ugric languages of the European part of Russia. However, they seem to be
rare or even absent in Romance languages (but are present in Latin), the rest of
West Germanic languages and in the Balkans. Arguably, the overt marking of this
meaning may be considered an areal feature of this particular macroregion.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I would like to ask if anyone is aware of languages beyond Europe that have
this type of markers. I am mostly interested in the rest of Eurasia, but not
only.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Thank you,</DIV>
<DIV>Vladimir Panov</DIV>
<DIV>(Vilnius University / Russian Academy of Sciences)</DIV></DIV>
<P>
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