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<p>Dear Vladimir,<br>
</p>
<p>Malay/Indonesian has such particles.</p>
<p>In Riau Indonesian, Jakarta Indonesian, and several other
varieties, your S2 would be rendered as</p>
<p>(1) <i>K</i><i>an hari minggu</i><br>
PRT day Sunday</p>
<p>in which <i>kan</i> has exactly the function that you describe.
In other contexts, the same particle <i>kan</i> has additonal
functions, including that of a yes/no tag. Its origin is in a
reduced form of the negator <i>bukan</i>.</p>
<p>In Papuan Malay, your S2 would be rendered as</p>
<p>(2) <i>Hari minggu to<br>
</i> day Sunday PRT<br>
<br>
where the same function is borne by the particle <i>to</i>. I
have heard at least two proposed etymologies for <i>to</i>: (a)
the Dutch particle <i>toch </i>(which I am skeptical about), and
(b) the Malay word <i>tau</i> 'know'. I also have my own idea,
namely that it comes from the Malay/indonesian word <i>atau</i>
'or' (ultimately from Sanskrit) — but I'm still not sure which of
the etymologies is the best ...</p>
<p>David<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 05/12/2018 00:03, Vladimir Panov
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CALeR4d6+Pk8-5bsORKEApoXUCkULcdxqDvupzwN0UjHAFMMcGg@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<div dir="ltr">Dear collegues,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In some languages of Europe (e.g. Russian and German) there
are special markers ("particles") that have among their core
functions the one of "reminding" the hearer of some common
background information that s/he is expected to share with the
speaker.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Russian:</div>
<div>S1: Magazin zakryt.</div>
<div> shop closed</div>
<div> The shop is closed</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>S2: Konečno, segodnia <i>že</i> voskresen'je</div>
<div> of.course today PRT Sunday</div>
<div> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In Russian, <i>že</i> has some other prominent functions
as well. A very similar meaning is also provided by the
sentence-initial <i>ved'</i> ("common ground" is its core
meaning). For German, the particles <i>ja </i>and, to a
certain extent, <i>doch</i> are often descirbed in similar
terms. For both German and Russian, these particles have been
extensively studied.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Markers having this meaning as at least one of the
prominent ones are found in many languages the Circum-Baltic
region, Eastern and Northern Europe, Finno-Ugric languages of
the European part of Russia. However, they seem to be rare or
even absent in Romance languages (but are present in Latin),
the rest of West Germanic languages and in the Balkans.
Arguably, the overt marking of this meaning may be considered
an areal feature of this particular macroregion.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I would like to ask if anyone is aware of languages beyond
Europe that have this type of markers. I am mostly interested
in the rest of Eurasia, but not only.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thank you,</div>
<div>Vladimir Panov</div>
<div>(Vilnius University / Russian Academy of Sciences)</div>
</div>
<br>
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<br>
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</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816
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