<div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri">Turkish</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri">S1: Dükkân kapalI.</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"> shop closed</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"> The shop is closed</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"> </div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri">S2: Tabii, bugün pazar ya!</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"> of.course today Sunday PRT </div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri">The onset particle <i>hani </i>is used for reminding the addressee of some unrealized promise by himself or somebody else.</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri">Marcel Erdal</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">Am Di., 4. Dez. 2018 um 18:03 Uhr schrieb Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear collegues,<div><br></div><div>In some languages of Europe (e.g. Russian and German) there are special markers ("particles") that have among their core functions the one of "reminding" the hearer of some common background information that s/he is expected to share with the speaker.</div><div><br></div><div>Russian:</div><div>S1: Magazin zakryt.</div><div> shop closed</div><div> The shop is closed</div><div><br></div><div>S2: Konečno, segodnia <i>že</i> voskresen'je</div><div> of.course today PRT Sunday</div><div> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.</div><div><br></div><div>In Russian, <i>že</i> has some other prominent functions as well. A very similar meaning is also provided by the sentence-initial <i>ved'</i> ("common ground" is its core meaning). For German, the particles <i>ja </i>and, to a certain extent, <i>doch</i> are often descirbed in similar terms. For both German and Russian, these particles have been extensively studied.</div><div><br></div><div>Markers having this meaning as at least one of the prominent ones are found in many languages the Circum-Baltic region, Eastern and Northern Europe, Finno-Ugric languages of the European part of Russia. However, they seem to be rare or even absent in Romance languages (but are present in Latin), the rest of West Germanic languages and in the Balkans. Arguably, the overt marking of this meaning may be considered an areal feature of this particular macroregion.</div><div><br></div><div>I would like to ask if anyone is aware of languages beyond Europe that have this type of markers. I am mostly interested in the rest of Eurasia, but not only.</div><div><br></div><div>Thank you,</div><div>Vladimir Panov</div><div>(Vilnius University / Russian Academy of Sciences)</div></div>
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