<div dir="ltr">Thank you all for very valuable links and examples!<div>At the end, it seems that this meaning is pretty well represented cross-linguistically.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Vladimir</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">ср, 5 дек. 2018 г. в 11:32, Ludwig Paul <<a href="mailto:ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de">ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear Vladimir,<br>
just an addition to your German data: Bavarian "fai" has the same <br>
meaning, and is probably more specific, and more frequent, than High <br>
German "ja". Its origin seems toe be from feil, which means "fore <br>
sale" (see, "feilbieten").<br>
Best,<br>
Ludwig Paul<br>
<br>
Zitat von Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>>:<br>
<br>
> Dear collegues,<br>
><br>
> In some languages of Europe (e.g. Russian and German) there are special<br>
> markers ("particles") that have among their core functions the one of<br>
> "reminding" the hearer of some common background information that s/he is<br>
> expected to share with the speaker.<br>
><br>
> Russian:<br>
> S1: Magazin zakryt.<br>
> shop closed<br>
> The shop is closed<br>
><br>
> S2: Konečno, segodnia *že* voskresen'je<br>
> of.course today PRT Sunday<br>
> Of course, (you know that) today is Sunday.<br>
><br>
> In Russian, *že* has some other prominent functions as well. A very similar<br>
> meaning is also provided by the sentence-initial *ved'* ("common ground" is<br>
> its core meaning). For German, the particles *ja *and, to a certain extent,<br>
> *doch* are often descirbed in similar terms. For both German and Russian,<br>
> these particles have been extensively studied.<br>
><br>
> Markers having this meaning as at least one of the prominent ones are found<br>
> in many languages the Circum-Baltic region, Eastern and Northern Europe,<br>
> Finno-Ugric languages of the European part of Russia. However, they seem to<br>
> be rare or even absent in Romance languages (but are present in Latin), the<br>
> rest of West Germanic languages and in the Balkans. Arguably, the overt<br>
> marking of this meaning may be considered an areal feature of this<br>
> particular macroregion.<br>
><br>
> I would like to ask if anyone is aware of languages beyond Europe that have<br>
> this type of markers. I am mostly interested in the rest of Eurasia, but<br>
> not only.<br>
><br>
> Thank you,<br>
> Vladimir Panov<br>
<br>
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