<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Jesús,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In case you're interested in more examples from the Oceanic family, then the following paper cites two languages of northern Vanuatu, namely <b><font color="#9900ff">Hiw</font></b> and <b><font color="#9900ff">Lo-Toga</font></b>:</div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2010. <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2010_Pragmatic-demotion-Subordination-Torres.pdf" target="_blank"><b>Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency: On two atypical subordinating strategies in Lo-Toga and Hiw (Torres, Vanuatu)</b></a>. In Isabelle Bril (ed.), <i>Clause hierarchy and Clause linking: The Syntax and Pragmatics interface</i>. Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins. Pp.499-548. </font><font><font face="times new roman, serif">[doi:<a href="http://10.1075/slcs.121.16fra" target="_blank">10.1075/slcs.121.16fra</a>]</font><br></font></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">See examples & discussion on pp.509-510; p.521; p.525; p.539.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">In these two close languages, adverbial time clauses are based on a noun meaning 'time, moment' (Hiw </font><i><font face="times new roman, serif">taketimer̄ën</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">; Lo-Toga </font><i><font face="times new roman, serif">mowe</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">). </font></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">The relativising syntax is sometimes explicit, sometimes implicit; and there are sometimes good reasons to propose that the noun is itself grammaticalizing into an adverbial subordinator ['<font color="#0000ff">moment</font> (that)' > '<font color="#ff00ff">when</font>']. Cf. ex.(19) from Hiw, and ex.(45) from Lo-Toga:</font><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">(19) Ike yo-ie ti <font color="#0000ff"> </font><i><font color="#0000ff"><b>timer̄ën pe</b> </font> kimir̄e në </i></font><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><i>yumegov që</i>…</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1"> 2sg see-3sg PRF <font color="#990000"> time SUB</font> 2du STAT</font></font><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"> young still</font></span></div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"> ‘You met her when you both were still young.’</span><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">(45) <i><b><font color="#ff00ff">Mowe</font> </b> kemë vë da-togin</i>, nike vēn me dege n̄wule.</font></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1"><font color="#990000">time/when</font> 1excl:pl SBJV be-ready 2sg go hither</font><font size="1"> 1incl:pl return</font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> ‘When we’re ready, you can come here so we can go back together.’</font></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">__________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Vanuatu's national pidgin-creole, <b><font color="#9900ff">Bislama</font></b>, has a parallel structure with the noun~subordinator <i><b>taem</b></i> [<Eng. <i>time</i>]. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">If for instance you take the Human rights declaration in Bislama ["<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bcy.pdf" target="_blank">Deklereisen Blong Raet Blong Evri Man Mo Woman Raon Wol</a>"], you find many examples of Bislama <i>taem</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Article 16 (which you can listen to <a href="https://udhr.audio/UDHR_Video.asp?lng=bis&p=16" target="_blank">here</a>) includes the following 2 sentences:</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">__________</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">(<a href="http://www.claiminghumanrights.org/udhr_article_16.html#at17" target="_blank">Eng.1</a> </font><font face="times new roman, serif">Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. <br><b>They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution</b>.</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">)</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">(Bsl.1) Oli gat raet long ikwel raet long saed blong maret, </font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> long <b><font color="#0000ff">taem</font></b> blong maret mo long <font color="#0000ff"><b>taem</b> <b>we</b> </font> oli disolvem maret.<br></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1">OBL time POSS marriage and OBL time SUB 3pl dissolve marriage</font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">lit. ‘… at the time of the marriage, and <u>at the time that</u> they dissolve the marriage.’</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><br></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">This example clearly treats <i>taem</i> as a noun: cf. possessive structure (<i>blong</i>), preposition <i>long</i> 'OBL' + subordinator / relativiser <i>we</i>.</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">______________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><div><div><div><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></span></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">(<a href="http://www.claiminghumanrights.org/udhr_article_16.html#at17" target="_blank">Eng.</a><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.claiminghumanrights.org/udhr_article_16.html#at17" target="_blank">2</a></span> </font><font face="times new roman, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></span><span class="gmail_default"> </span>Marriage shall be entered into <b>only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses</b>.</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">)</font></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">(Bsl.2) Maret bambae i= tekemples nomo <b><font color="#0000ff">taem we</font></b> hemi </font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1">marriage FUT 3sg happen only <font color="#990000">time SUB</font> 3sg</font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> tingting blong man mo woman ia blong tufala i= maret</font><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">.</span><br><div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1">idea POSS man and woman DEM POSS 3du 3npl= marry</font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">lit. ‘Marriage will only happen <i>when ~ if</i> it is the idea <br> of that man and woman who are about to marry.’</span><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Finally, this bit from <a href="https://udhr.audio/UDHR_Video.asp?lng=bis&p=25" target="_blank">Article 25</a> leans towards grammaticalization [</span><font face="monospace, monospace"><font color="#0000ff">time</font> > <font color="#ff00ff">when</font></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">]</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></span><br></font><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default"></span></font><font style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">(<a href="http://www.claiminghumanrights.org/udhr_article_25.html#at27" target="_blank">Eng.</a><a href="http://www.claiminghumanrights.org/udhr_article_25.html#at27" target="_blank">3</a><span class="gmail_default"></span> </font><font style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></span><span class="gmail_default"> </span></font><font style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="times new roman, serif">the right to security <b>in the event of unemployment,</b> (...) <b>old age or other lack of livelihood</b> (...).</font>)</font><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><blockquote style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">(Bsl.3) </font><font face="verdana, sans-serif">raet long sekuriti <font color="#0000ff">long taem we</font> man o woman i no wok, (...), </font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1">right OBL security OBL time SUB man or woman 3npl NEG work<br> </font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <i><b><font color="#ff00ff">taem</font></b> hemi olfala o <font color="#ff00ff"><b>taem</b></font> hemi no save gat wan gudfala laef </i>(...)</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <font size="1">time/when 3sg old or </font></font><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"> </span><font size="1" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">time/when 3sg NEG able have INDEF good life</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">lit. ‘… the right to security when a man or woman does not work (...)<br> <font color="#ff00ff">when</font> (s)he's old, or <font color="#ff00ff">when</font> (s)he cannot have a good life.’</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The parallel syntax between Bislama and Oceanic languages of Vanuatu (Hiw, Lo-Toga, Araki, Daakaka and others) must be explained by language contact / areal influence / substratum & adstratum effects / (ongoing) processes of relexification.</span><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></span></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr width="70" size="1" noshade align="left" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div style="font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p><p><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://lattice.cnrs.fr/Francois-Alexandre?lang=en" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Australian National University</a><br><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></p><hr size="1" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(51,102,102);font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:11px"> </span></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Tue, 11 Dec 2018 at 10:22, Isabelle BRIL <<a href="mailto:isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr" target="_blank">isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>Dear Jesus</p>
<p>there are such time“clausal noun-modifying constructions" in a
number ofOceanic languages from New Caledonia, among which Nêlêmwa</p>
<p>Bril Isabelle 2002. Le nêlêmwa (Nouvelle-Calédonie). Analyse
syntaxique et sémantique, p 438-439 in particular.</p>
<p>
</p><p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex"><span style="font-style:normal">(47)</span><span> </span>cêê<span> </span>kââlek<span> </span>nok<span> </span><b>ni</b><b><span> </span></b><b>yeewa-t</b><b><span> </span></b><b> dua</b><span> </span>hla<span> </span>yhalap hlaabai<span> </span>kibu-va</p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200mm"> very
be.plenty <span>fish </span>in
time<span> </span> when <span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3pl</span><span> </span>fish those.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">anaph</span><span> </span>ancestors-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">poss.1pl.excl</span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200traduction"> “there was plenty of fish at the
time when our ancestors went fishing”</p>
<p>
</p><p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex"><span lang="PL">(49) hla thoogi-e <b>n</b><b>i khooba yeewa-t</b><b><span> </span></b><b>dua</b><b><span> </span></b><b> </b><b> </b>i khuwo</span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex" style="text-indent:13.05pt"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
3pl call-3sg in number time when(realis) </span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
3sg eat</span></span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex" style="text-indent:13.05pt"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
</span></span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">'someone
called him</span></span> whenever he was eating, "
(narrative)</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex"><span lang="PL">(b) hla thoogi-e <b>ni khooba yeewa-t</b><b><span> </span> <span> </span></b><b>o</b><b> </b>i
khuwo</span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex" style="text-indent:13.05pt"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
3pl call-3sg in number time wh</span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">en(irr)
3sg eat</span></span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200ex" style="text-indent:13.05pt"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
'someone calls him </span></span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">whenever
he eats, </span></span>"
(generic)</span></span></p>
<span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"> (c)</span><span lang="PL"><span> </span><b>ni</b><b><span> </span></b><b>khooba</b><b><span> </span></b><b>yeewa-t</b><b><span> </span></b><b>o</b><span> </span>i<span> </span>khuwo,<span> </span><b>na</b><span> </span>hla<span> </span>thoogi-e</span>
<p>
</p><p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200mm"> <span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">in
number time </span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">wh</span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">en(irr)</span></span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg</span><span> </span>eat then <span></span>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pl</span><span> </span>call-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg</span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200traduction"> '<span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">whenever
he eats, someone calls him" </span></span></p>
<span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">d)</span><span lang="PL"><span> </span>n<b>i</b><b><span> </span></b><b>khooba</b><b><span> </span></b><b>yeewa-t</b><b><span> </span></b><b>dua</b><span><b> </b> </span>i<span> </span>khuwo,<span> </span><b>na</b><span> </span>hla<span> </span>thoogi-e</span>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200mm"> <span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">in
number time </span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">wh</span><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">en(real)</span></span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg</span><span> </span>eat then <span></span>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pl</span><span> </span>call-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200traduction"> <span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">
'whenever he was eating, someone called him"</span></span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200traduction"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL"><span style="font-style:normal" lang="PL">best</span></span></p>
<p class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200traduction"><br></p>
<p></p>
<div class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200moz-cite-prefix">Le 11/12/2018 à 01:19, Microsoft.com
Member a écrit :<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%">
<span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-US">As you know in many languages temporal,
locative, and manner adverbial clauses are structurally
identical to relative clauses. This structural identity
between relative clauses and adverbial clauses is not
infrequent. As Thompson et al. (2007: 245) point out
adverbial clauses expressing time, location, and manner can
commonly be paraphrased, in many languages, “with a relative
clause with a generic and relatively semantically empty head
noun: time, place, and way/manner, respectively”.</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-US">I send you this message because currently I am
working on a final paper for a course I am taking that
explores “temporal relatives in the world´s languages”, as
can be seen in the examples in (1) and (2).</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<b><span>Kisi</span></b><span> (Niger-Congo/Mel; Childs
1995: 287)</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span>(1)<span>
</span>ŋ̀<span>
</span>cò<span>
</span>cììkìáŋ,<span> </span><b>lɔ́ɔ́</b><span>
</span>ŋ̀<span> </span>cò<span> </span>hùnɔ́ɔ́-<b>ó</b>.</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span><span>
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">1pl.sbj<span>
</span>aux</span><span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span>meet<span> </span>time<span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">2sg.sbj<span>
</span>aux</span><span> </span>come-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">rel</span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span>ʻWe will see<span> </span>you
when you come.ʼ<span>
</span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Araki</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> (Austronesian/Oceanic: Vanuatu; François 2002:
182)</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">(2)<span>
</span>mo<span> </span><span>
</span><span> </span>vari-a<span>
</span><span> </span>nunu<span>
</span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.real</span><span>
</span>take-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg</span><span>
</span>shadow</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span>ʻHe took the photo</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span></span><b><span>lo<span> </span>dani</span></b><span><span>
</span>no-m̈am<span> </span>ta<span> </span>mo<span> </span>pa<span>
</span>m̈is<span> </span>m̈audu<span>
</span>ro.</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span><span>
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">loc</span><span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span>day<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><a href="http://poss-1exc.pl" target="_blank">poss-1exc.pl</a></span><span>
</span>dad<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.real<span>
</span>seq</span><span> </span>still<span>
</span>live<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">prog</span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span>
</span>at the time our father was still aliveʼ</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-US">What I have found so far is that this
construction seems to be very frequent in many African (e.g.
Eton, Koyra Chiini, Jalkunan, Fongbe, etc) and Oceanic
languages (e.g. Daakaka, Toqabaqita, 'Are'are, etc.). I was
wondering if you are aware of:</span></p>
<ol style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0cm">
<li><span lang="EN-US">any paper(s) that has explore this type of
construction.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US">any languages that have this type of
construction.</span></li>
</ol>
<font face="Times New Roman, serif" color="#000000"><br>
</font>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%">
<span lang="EN-US">Any help will be appreciated!</span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%">
<span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></p>
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);display:inline">--<span> </span></span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">
<div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px;color:rgb(33,33,33);margin:0px">
<font face="AR CENA"><span style="font-size:14.6667px">Jesús
Olguín Martínez</span></font></div>
<div>
<font size="2" face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><font face="AR CENA">Ph.D.
Student, Dept. of Linguistics</font></span></font></div>
<div>
<font size="2" face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><font face="AR CENA"><i>University
of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)</i></font></span></font></div>
<div>
<font size="2" face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><font face="AR CENA"><a href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/jes%C3%BAs-olgu%C3%ADn-mart%C3%ADnez" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/jesús-olguín-martínez</a></font></span></font></div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif"><b>References</b></span></div>
<div>
<p style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">Childs, G. Tucker.
1995.
<i>A Grammar of Kisi: A Southern Atlantic Language</i>. <span>
Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span>François,
Alexandre. 2002.
</span><i>Araki: A Disappearing Language of
Vanuatu</i><span style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">. (Pacific Linguistics, 522.)
Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
Australian National University.</span></p>
<p style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span>Thompson,
Sandra, Longacre, Robert & Hwang, Shin. 2007. Adverbial
Clauses. In
</span><i>Language Typology and Syntactic
Description, Volume I</i><i style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;font-variant-ligatures:inherit;font-variant-caps:inherit;font-weight:inherit">I:
Complex Constructions</i><span style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">, Timothy Shopen (ed.),</span><i>
</i><span>237-300.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></p>
</div>
<br>
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<pre class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200moz-signature" cols="72">--
Isabelle Bril
Directeur de recherches (LACITO-CNRS)
Directeur d'Etudes à l'EPHE (Typologie et Typologie des langues austronésiennes)
Directrice de la fédération de recherches Typologie et Universaux des Langues (FR2559 CNRS)
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Ecole de typologie ESSLT 2016
<a class="m_-1870221976984982907gmail-m_-6023194200770727200moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://typoling2016.sciencesconf.org/" target="_blank">https://typoling2016.sciencesconf.org/</a>
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