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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=FR link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Among things that may be added to this interesting issue on verbal diminutives, let me mention the following :<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>Viennese German has<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'> <i>ja was is-<b>erl </b>denn</i> ? « Oh, what is this ?» ;<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>Mexican Spanish has<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph> <i>llegand-it-o</i> «immediately after X’s arrival », with a striking -<i>it</i>- diminutives within the gerund of <i>llegar</i> « to arrive »;<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>Verbal diminutives are present in languages of the five language families in India : Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic (Gorum, Gutob, Khasi, Munda Sora, Santali, etc.)Tibeto-Burman, Andamanese ;<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>Japanese has<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <i>usagi ga pyoko-pyoko </i>(with palatalization, instead of unpalatalized <i>poko-poko</i>) <i>hanete iru</i> « the rabbits are jumping hippety-hop » : note the reduplicated onomatopaeic diminutive in English <i>hippety-hop</i>; in Frenh we have <i>les lapins saut-ill-ent</i> with a diminutive marker « ill » ([iy]). It is interesting to note that many languages use here reduplication, for example (mandarin) Chinese<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>跳</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:SimSun'>跃跳跃</span> <span style='font-family:SimSun'>tiàoyuè-tiàoyuè </span>with the same meaning ;<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>Comox (Salish) uses the same device, i.e. partial reduplication, in order to form both nominal and verbal diminutives : with nominals, it means diminutive, and with verbals it means progressive, e.g.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><i>č’e</i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'></span>no</i> « dog » → <i>č’e+</i><i>č’</i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'></span>no</i> « little dog » <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>~</span> ‘o x</i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>^</span></i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>I</span>t</i> « to cry » → <i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>~</span> ‘o+</i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>~</span> ‘</i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>8</span></i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>^</span></i><i><span style='font-family:"UT IPA Times"'>I</span>t</i> « to be crying » (from Claude Hagège, <i>Le comox lha’amen de Colombie britannique</i>, <i>Amerindia</i>, n° spécial 2, Paris Association d’Etudes Amérindiennes, 1981, 114-115).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'>This formal identity between verbal progressive and nominal diminutive is interesting from a theoretical viewpoint: a process which is in progress and has not yet reached its end is treated like an object which is small with respect to the dimension of the same object in its complete form.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'>Best<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'>Claude (Claude Hagège, Collège de France, chaire de Théorie Linguistique, Paris)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br /> <table style="border-top: 1px solid #D3D4DE;">
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