<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Eva, dear all,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Indeed the polysemy of reduplication is often fascinating, due to its semantic versatility.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In Mwotlap (Oceanic, Vanuatu) reduplication can encode diminutive <i>and</i> augmentative values. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace">(1) n-ēy 'lobster'</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace">=> n-<b>ēyēy</b> 'prawn'</font><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace"> </span><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace"> [Diminutive reading]</span></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace">(2) n-ēm̄ <b>liwo </b>=> n-ēm̄ <b>lililwo</b></font></div></div><blockquote style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace" size="1">/Art-house large/ </font><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:x-small">/Art-house large~RED/ </span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace">'a large house' => a) 'a very large house'</font><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace"> </span><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace"> [Intensive reading]</span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace"> b) 'many large houses' [Plural reading]</font></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace">(3) na-qyan̄ 'a hole' (typically one large hole, e.g. 2-feet wide)</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace, monospace"> na-<b>qyaqyan̄</b> 'many small holes' (e.g. on a sieve)</font></div><br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">[Note: Mwotlap doesn't encode grammatical plural on non-human referents; so the plural reading is here implied by lexical derivation, rather than being a grammatical plural. Some human nouns form their grammatical plural by reduplication.]</font></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Used with verbs, reduplication can encode such values as distributional, pluractional, iterative, habitual, imperfective, intensional. </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These uses of reduplication are exemplified and discussed in a paper (<a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#10">available here</a> under 2004<i>a</i>) where I tried to address the semantic fluidity of reduplication:</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font><font color="#351c75" face="tahoma, sans-serif">François, Alexandre. 2004. <b>La réduplication en mwotlap : les paradoxes du fractionnement</b>. <br>In É. Zeitoun (ed.),<i> Les langues austronésiennes</i>. Special issue of <i>Faits de langues</i> n°24: 177–194.</font><br></font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><font style="">(My reflection was inspired by </font>Francesc Queixalós' notion of "distensivity", cited earlier on in this thread.)</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">In a nutshell, I proposed to describe the effect of reduplication in Mwotlap as a form of <i>semantic fragmentation</i> ["fractionnement"].</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">If you take a large biscuit and smash it, you end up with </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><ul><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><u>less than</u> a biscuit (= lots of small pieces of a biscuit, none of which is a full one)<br></font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><u>more than</u> a biscuit (= lots of small biscuits)<br></font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">This could be called the paradox of the <a href="https://dinolingo.com/japanese-for-kids/japanese-culture/magical-pocket-pokettono-naka-japanese-childrens-song/">Magical pocket</a>.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">The effects of reduplication on verbs also are similarly versatile, and can be understood as also reflecting a form of (notional, abstract) "fragmentation".</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Thus, the simple form <i style="font-weight:bold">tot</i> 'chop' refers to a single</font><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(semelfactive)</span><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> act of chopping, typically understood as complete [e.g. chopping off a branch in a single stroke]. </span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Its reduplicated counterpart <i style="font-weight:bold">totot</i> will, iconically, describe a series of (mini-) chopping events, which can be understood as: </font></div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">pluractional, iterative <br>(several acts of chopping; chopping off several branches)<br></font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">intensive <br>(considerable amount of chopping)</font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">tentative / conative <br>(many attempts, typically unsuccessful, at chopping at smtg)<br></font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">habitual <br>("chopping" as a habitual activity, e.g. describing the work of a lumberjack)</font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">intensional <br>(infinitive, nominalisation, non-finite: the notion of chopping, as opposed to the description of a single referential ["extensional"] act) <br></font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">imperfective aspect <br>(describing an ongoing, and hence incomplete, action of chopping)<br></font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">atelic / detransitivised uses <br></font></li><ul><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i style="font-weight:bold">tot</i> = telic, transitive; </font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i style="font-weight:bold">totot</i> = atelic, labile (possibly intransitive)<br>>> used in antipassive-like constructions with incorporated object, referring to the activity. [cf. Mithun 1984]</font></li></ul></ul></div><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div>These verbal uses of reduplication can sometimes be understood as "<u>augmentative</u>" in a way, through their pluractional / iterative / intensive readings. But in a different way, they are also akin to "<u>diminutives</u>": because instead of a nice, massive one-stroke act of chopping, reduplication can refer to repeated, possibly unsuccessful, mini-acts of quasi-chopping. As per the paradox of the Magical pocket.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">best,</font></div><div style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font size="2" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Alex</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr width="70" size="1" noshade align="left" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div style="font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p><p><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://lattice.cnrs.fr/Francois-Alexandre?lang=en" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration-line:none">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">Australian National University</a><br><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none">Personal homepage</a></span></p><hr size="1" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Tue, 18 Dec 2018 at 09:37, Françoise Rose <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div lang="FR">
<div class="gmail-m_-4387791537112108889WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">Here is another such discussion :<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Queixalós, Francesc. 2002.
</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sur la distensivité</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">,
in <i>Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris</i>: XII.La pluralité.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>De :</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>De la part de</b> Zygmunt Frajzyngier<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> lundi 17 décembre 2018 04:25<br>
<b>À :</b> Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>>; Lier, Eva van <<a href="mailto:E.H.vanLier@uva.nl" target="_blank">E.H.vanLier@uva.nl</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] query: verbal diminutives<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hi, Bill,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">You will find an early discussion of the plurality/diminutive function of reduplication in:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1965. An analysis of intensive forms in Hausa verbs.
<i>Rocznik Orientalistyczny</i> 29.2.31-51.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Zygmunt<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(181,196,223);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, December 16, 2018 at 2:06 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>"Lier, Eva van" <<a href="mailto:E.H.vanLier@uva.nl" target="_blank">E.H.vanLier@uva.nl</a>>, "<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] query: verbal diminutives<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">Hi Eva</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">I’ve been doing some work recently on verbal number/pluractionality, particularly in some previously uninvestigated Papuan languages and in North American languages, and I’ve been struck by the fact
that in some languages the pluractional morphology seems to give a diminutive reading instead of the verbal number meaning. This intersection between verbal number and diminutives is something that has not been investigated, to my knowledge, so I’m very pleased
to hear of your project. I suggest thinking explicitly about verbal number, and I think it would be worth considering that the proposed aspectual functions you mention are actual verbal number, not aspect. It seems to me that some of the examples you give
may be verbal number, not diminutive. The Hebrew example seems to conform to that. The four Slavic examples, Croatian, Czech, Slovene and Russian, might also be – I’d be interested in knowing what the underived verbs mean in those cases, and ditto with the
Huave example. Maybe you and I could have a chat about this at some point. I’d be interested in hearing more about what you’re doing.</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">best</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">Bill</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Lier, Eva van<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, 14 December 2018 11:34 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] query: verbal diminutives<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear colleagues,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We are looking for examples and literature on verbal diminutives in and across languages.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Currently, we have some information on verbal diminutives in various languages. Some examples include: German
<i>hüsteln </i>(‘to cough lightly’), Italian <i>dormicchiare </i>(‘to doze’), Croatian
<i>grickati </i>(‘to nibble’), Czech <i>třepotat </i>(‘to flutter’),<i> </i>Slovene
<i>igričkati</i> (‘to play around’), Russian <i>xaxan’kat </i>(‘to giggle’), Finnish
<i>luk-ais-e </i>(‘skim through (a text)’ < <i>luk- </i>‘read’), San’ani Arabic <i>
tSaynai </i>(‘to pretend not to hear’ < <i>Saanaj </i>‘to not hear’), Hebrew <i>kifcec
</i>(‘to jump around < <i>kafac </i>‘to jump’), Passamaquoddy <i>ə̆pə-ss-ìn </i>(sit-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">dim-animate.intransitive.2</span> < ‘sit down, little one!’), Huave
<i>jujyuij </i>(‘to shake gently’), and Lardil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">
<i>laala</i> (‘to jab lightly’ < <i>latha</i> ‘to spear’).</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">These examples show that the morphological patterns that we subsume under “verbal diminutives” fulfill a number of semantic functions, such as iterative/frequentative/durative, low intensity, distributivity, and attenuation.
These functions may extend (pragmatically) to playfulness, tentativeness, pretense/irrealis/fictiveness, trivialization, aimlessness, affection/intimacy, and contempt/pejorativeness. In some cases (see Passamaquoddy above), verbal diminutive marking implies
that an event participant is a child or an otherwise small entity.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Also, verbal diminutives can be expressed by various morphological means, including affixation, reduplication, and non-concatenative morphology. In some cases, the verbal diminutive markers are related to nominal diminutives;
in other cases, they seem to have different origins, such as spatial markers. The productivity of verbal diminutive formation apparently differs between languages.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We would be grateful for any references and/or examples of verbal diminutives in the language(s) of your expertise, including their semantics/pragmatics, formation, (diachronic) origin, productivity and usage frequency.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We will post a summary.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Many thanks in advance!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL">Eva van Lier, Jenny Audring, Sterre Leufkens</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Eva van Lier, PhD<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Department of Linguistics<br>
University of Amsterdam<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.uva.nl/profiel/e.h.vanlier" target="_blank">www.uva.nl/profiel/e.h.vanlier</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL">P.C.Hoofthuis, kamer 6.45<br>
Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB Amsterdam</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NL"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote></div></div></div></div>