<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:medium;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="font-family:Georgia;font-size:small">Dear all, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Do you know of a polarity-reversing particle in the language(s) you speak/work on? </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">A short definition and examples follow below.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Polarity-reversing particles are particles that function as positive answers to negative questions; however, in contrast to other answer particles such as<span class="gmail-m_-873547860316541926gmail-apple-converted-space"> </span><i>yes</i> and <i>no</i>, they specifically express disagreement with the negative proposition of the questions. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Some examples come below. The abbreviation REV indicates a polarity-reversing particle. This term was coined by Holmberg (2016: 6).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Swedish</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Q. Är det inte varm idag? </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[is it not hot today]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">It’s not hot today?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">A. Jo (det är det)!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[REV it is it]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Yes, it is!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">German</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Q. Hast du deine Hausaufgaben nicht gemacht?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[have you your homework not done]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Have you not done your homework?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">A. Doch (gestern schon)!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[REV yesterday already]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Yes, (I have already done them yesterday) !</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">French</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Q. Il n’est pas là Basil?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[he NEG=be NEG here B. ]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Isn’t Basil here?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">A. Si!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[REV]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Yes, he is!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Hungarian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Q. Ők nem beszélnek angolul?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[3PL no speak.3PL English]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">They don’t speak English?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">A. De.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">[REV]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Yes, they do.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Data from a previous cross-linguistic investigation on answers to polarity questions suggest that polarity-reversing particles are predominantly found in Germanic languages (see<span class="gmail-m_-873547860316541926gmail-apple-converted-space"> </span>Moser 2018). This result is congruent with findings in Da Milano’s (2004) study on the Mediterranean area. However, currently, there is no good cross-linguistic dataset about this feature; consequently, a broader assessment of its distribution is not warranted.  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">For my final project at the master’s level, I want to explore the distribution of polarity-reversing particles in a more in-depth study. In order to do this, I will make use of all resources available to me (reference grammars, etymological dictionaries, language corpora, etc.). Because information on polarity-reversing particles is scarce, I greatly appreciate any help.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">References: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Da Milano, Federica. 2004. Le domande sì/no nelle lingue del mediterraneo. Archivio Glottologico Italiano, 1. 3–40.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Holmberg, Anders. 2016. The syntax of yes and no. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Linux Libertine";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia">Moser, Elena V. 2018. Answers to Polarity Questions: A Typological Study. Retrieved 2018-09-20, <a href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1219275/fulltext02.pdf" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(149,79,114)">http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1219275/fulltext02.pdf</a>.</span></p></div></div>