<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">In Arabic (classical and some dialectes) we find the particle bala بلی<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">- baʕd-ak mā tɣaddajt ?</div><div class="">Still-you NEG have lunch-2SGM-perfect</div><div class="">Tu n’as pas encore déjeuné ?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">- bala</div><div class="">Si [j’ai déjà mangé]</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div class="">
<span style="font-size: 11px;" class="">Samia Naïm<br class="">Directrice de recherche émérite</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 11px;" class="">CNRS-LACITO<br class="">7 rue Guy Môquet <br class="">94801 Villejuif Cedex<br class=""><br class=""></span><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 11px;" class="">bureau 01 49 58 37 67 ; secrétariat — 37 78 télécopie —37 79<br class=""><a href="mailto:samia.naim@cnrs.fr" class="">samia.naim@cnrs.fr</a><br class=""></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 11px;" class=""><a href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr" class="">http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr</a></span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">
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</div><br class=""><div><div class="">Le 7 janv. 2019 à 15:21, Elena Moser <<a href="mailto:elemoser@gmail.com" class="">elemoser@gmail.com</a>> a écrit :</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: inherit; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span style="font-family:Georgia;font-size:small" class="">Dear all, </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Do you know of a polarity-reversing particle in the language(s) you speak/work on? </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">A short definition and examples follow below.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Polarity-reversing particles are particles that function as positive answers to negative questions; however, in contrast to other answer particles such as<span class="gmail-m_-873547860316541926gmail-apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">yes</i> and <i class="">no</i>, they specifically express disagreement with the negative proposition of the questions. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Some examples come below. The abbreviation REV indicates a polarity-reversing particle. This term was coined by Holmberg (2016: 6).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Swedish</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Q. Är det inte varm idag? </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[is it not hot today]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">It’s not hot today?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">A. Jo (det är det)!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[REV it is it]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Yes, it is!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">German</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Q. Hast du deine Hausaufgaben nicht gemacht?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[have you your homework not done]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Have you not done your homework?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">A. Doch (gestern schon)!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[REV yesterday already]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Yes, (I have already done them yesterday) !</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">French</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Q. Il n’est pas là Basil?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[he NEG=be NEG here B. ]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Isn’t Basil here?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">A. Si!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[REV]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Yes, he is!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Hungarian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Q. Ők nem beszélnek angolul?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[3PL no speak.3PL English]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">They don’t speak English?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">A. De.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">[REV]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Yes, they do.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Data from a previous cross-linguistic investigation on answers to polarity questions suggest that polarity-reversing particles are predominantly found in Germanic languages (see<span class="gmail-m_-873547860316541926gmail-apple-converted-space"> </span>Moser 2018). This result is congruent with findings in Da Milano’s (2004) study on the Mediterranean area. However, currently, there is no good cross-linguistic dataset about this feature; consequently, a broader assessment of its distribution is not warranted. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">For my final project at the master’s level, I want to explore the distribution of polarity-reversing particles in a more in-depth study. In order to do this, I will make use of all resources available to me (reference grammars, etymological dictionaries, language corpora, etc.). Because information on polarity-reversing particles is scarce, I greatly appreciate any help.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">References: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Da Milano, Federica. 2004. Le domande sì/no nelle lingue del mediterraneo. Archivio Glottologico Italiano, 1. 3–40.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(85,0,85)" class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Holmberg, Anders. 2016. The syntax of yes and no. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: 'Linux Libertine';" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Georgia" class="">Moser, Elena V. 2018. Answers to Polarity Questions: A Typological Study. Retrieved 2018-09-20, <a href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1219275/fulltext02.pdf" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(149,79,114)" class="">http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1219275/fulltext02.pdf</a>.</span></div></div></div>
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