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<div><span><p class="ydpcc2c3799MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">It happens that I am reading <i>Animal Farm</i> by George Orwell, and just found the following passage:</span></p>
<p class="ydpcc2c3799MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">‘Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">and </span><i style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>the very instant</u></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty.</span></p>
<p class="ydpcc2c3799MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Here, ‘the very instant’ is an adverbial without any case-marking. Cases like this are</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> everywhere in English. It seems that not only the terms of </span>place,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> but also these of time, are also frequently without case-marking when serving as adverbials.</span></p>
<p class="ydpcc2c3799MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Many expressions of definite time, including ‘<i>yesterday, today, this year, last year</i>’, can behave this way. In fact, ‘this way’ is also an instance of such phenomenon. </span></p>
<div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Since the basic or default function of these expressions are adverbial, let them directly serve as adverbials without case-marking. This is an economic and natural way.</span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Bingfu Lu</span></div></span><br></div><div><br></div>
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<div>On Saturday, January 12, 2019, 4:29:27 AM PST, Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath@shh.mpg.de> wrote:</div>
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<div><div id="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588"><div>The omission of spatial goal (and location) markers with place names and other nouns used typically in spatial function is very widespread in the world's languages.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">Until recently, there was no term for this phenomenon, but I now call it "differential place marking" (inspired especially by Stolz et al.'s 2017 paper mentioned by Grev Corbett, and by Jonathan Schlossberg's 2017 ALT talk on "local nouns" and the differential marking of place).<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">In my forthcoming paper "Differential place marking and differential object marking" (to appear in LTU/STUF; available on Academia.edu), I highlight the similarities with other kinds of differential marking:<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">It seems that in many (or most) languages that allow unflagged spatial goals (and/or locations), these occur especially or exclusively with "typical place nouns", most notably place names. The reason is nicely expressed by Karatsareas & Georgakopoulos in their 2016 paper (cited by <span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee Prasertsom):</span><br clear="none">
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<p><span style="font-size:9.000000pt;font-family:'AdvOT4e5fbc10';">"The omission of </span><span style="font-size:9.000000pt;">[the goal preposition] "se" </span><span style="font-size:9.000000pt;font-family:'AdvOT4e5fbc10';">therefore seems to be the preferred option in motion event utterances in which the Ground-encoding expressions display high degrees of informativity, and also possibly redundancy" (p. 326)<br clear="none">
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</div><div>So when the place meaning is particularly easy to infer on the basis of the ground noun's usual use, a goal marker need not be used, in many languages.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">But <span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee's question was about the diachrony, and it seems that in Greek, we do indeed see the *loss* of "se". But as David Gil pointed out, differential place marking may come about through the</span> differential introduction of a marker where needed. And in many cases, the differential-marking situation may be very old – for example, Ancient Greek not only had "eis Athenan" (to Athens), but also a prepositionless construction ("Athenaze") which may have survived in some way into Modern Greek. And how sure are we that the zero goal patterns of Northwest British English are not old?<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">Thus, it seems to me that the cross-linguistic distribution (and its functional motivation) is clearer than the diachronic origin of this pattern.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">Martin<br clear="none">
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<div class="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588yqt0879309035" id="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588yqtfd20114"><div class="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588moz-cite-prefix">On 12.01.19 11:53, Vladimir Panov wrote:<br clear="none">
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<div>Dear Ponrawee,</div>
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</div>actually, not only in Asia Minor, but also in colloquial standard Modern Greek goal and location markers are often dropped, e.g.<div><br clear="none">
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<div>ime athina / pao athina</div>
<div>cop.1sg athens / go-1sg athens</div>
<div>'I am in Athens' / 'I am going to Athens'</div>
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<div>Concerning Viktor Friedman's comment on Macedonian, it makes sense to test if it might be a Balkan areal feature.</div>
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<div>Vladimir</div>
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<div dir="ltr">пт, 11 янв. 2019 г. в 20:53, Ponrawee Prasertsom <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:ponrawee.pra@gmail.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ponrawee.pra@gmail.com</a>>:<br clear="none">
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<div dir="ltr">Dear all,
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<div>I am looking for languages where goal markers
(case affixes, prepositions, etc. corresponding to
English <i>to</i>) developed into zero, i.e. are
lost. That is, from something like <i>I go to
school </i>to <i>I go school. </i>Does anyone
know of such cases?</div>
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<div>Currently, I am aware of only one such case: goal
preposition loss on Asia Minor Greek (Karatsareas
and Georgakopoulos 2016), which reconstructs history
from variation among dialects (se > se/<span style="color:rgb(84,84,84);font-family:arial, sans-serif;">∅
> </span><span style="color:rgb(84,84,84);font-family:arial, sans-serif;">∅).</span></div>
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<div>Ideally, I would like cases with attested
historical data, but reconstruction or any other
relevant data such as ongoing change etc. is also
welcome. </div>
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<div>Reference:</div>
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<div>Karatsareas, Petros and Thanasis Georgakopoulos.
2016. From syntagmatic to paradigmatic spatial
zeroes: The loss of the preposition se in inner Asia
Minor Greek. STUF - Language Typology and
Universals, 69(2), 309-340.<br clear="none">
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<div>Yours sincerely,</div>
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<div><span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee
Prasertsom</span><br clear="none">
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<div>Graduate Student</div>
<div>Department of Linguistics</div>
<div><span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Faculty
of Arts, </span>Chulalongkorn University</div>
<div>Bangkok, Thailand</div>
</div>
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<pre class="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588moz-signature">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a shape="rect" class="ydpa87e19fyiv7656910588moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig
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